ʻO Sergey Banadysev, Kauka o ka ʻEpekema Mahiai, ke poʻo o ka papahana hānau o Doka-Genetic Technologies LLC
Ke hoʻonui mau nei ka hōʻino o nā maʻi viral potato. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, hōʻike ʻia ka pōʻino mai iā lākou ʻaʻole wale i ka hōʻemi o ka loaʻa, akā i ka hōʻino hoʻi i ka mākeke o nā tubers. ʻO nā maʻi Necrotic o YBK, WLRK, mop-top, a me nā virus rattle e hana maʻamau ʻole i ka ʻuala, ʻoiai ʻo nā ʻōuli o nā ʻano hou i nā lau e emi a emi iki ana hoʻi. Lilo ka Y-virus i pilikia loa (Nā Kiʻi 1-4). ʻAʻohe o nā ʻenemi kūʻē i kāna mau ʻāʻī nekrotic; ʻaʻole hiki ke hana i nā ʻano me ke kūʻē kiʻekiʻe me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano wae papa mele. ʻO ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka biology a me nā ʻano o nā ʻākena causative o nā maʻi viral ʻaʻole ia ke kumuhana o kēia ʻatikala (ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka lawa o ka ʻike e pili ana i kēia kumuhana), e nānā nui ʻia ka nānā ʻana i nā hiki ke loaʻa no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea kanu ʻano kiʻekiʻe no nā maʻi viral.
ʻO ka mea mua, pono ʻoe e wehewehe i ka manaʻo o ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. Hāʻawi nā koi o nā kūlana i nā kapu koʻikoʻi ma ka hōʻike waho o nā maʻi viral, a ma nā ʻāina he nui, e like me ka Russian Federation, kaupalena ʻia ka maʻi kūloko o nā tubers. I ka manawa like, nui nā nuances o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā hoʻomanawanui no nā maʻi viral, a he mea nui kekahi o lākou (Papa 1). E noʻonoʻo kākou i nā kikoʻī.
I ka nānā mua ʻana, ua koʻikoʻi loa nā kūlana o Nūlani no ka maʻi kūpala: ʻo 1,4% wale nō ka hoʻomanawanui i ka poʻe kiʻekiʻe. Akā i nā ʻōkuhi NAK kūloko i ke kaʻina hana kālailai, ua akāka kēia a maopopo leʻa. He mea nui ia e kaohi i ka maʻi kīnā o ka mahele superelite a ma luna. Lawe ʻia ka loiloi e PCR a no ka Y-virus wale nō. Hoʻohui ʻia ʻo 50 tubers i hoʻokahi laʻana PCR. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia kahi pūʻulu ma ke ʻano he kūlana inā hōʻike ʻia kahi hopena maikaʻi e ka mea i ʻoi ʻole ma mua o hoʻokahi hāpana o ʻehā, a i ʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻelua mau laʻana o ʻewalu, a i ʻole ʻekolu mau laʻana o 12, e hilinaʻi ana i ka huina o nā tubers i ka hāpana anamana. Loaʻa ke ahonui o 0,6% mai ke kuhi he hoʻokahi wale nō tuber maʻi maʻi mai 50 tubers. Akā ʻo kēia i ka hihia kūpono, theoretically, hiki i nā tubers 50 āpau i kahi hāpana hoʻohui o 50 tubers ke maʻi ʻia. A laila ʻo ke kiʻi o ka maʻi latent maoli o ka pāʻina he 25%, ʻaʻole 0,6%.
ʻO nā Scots a me nā ʻAmelika he mau mea maoli i ka loiloi i ka maʻi latent. ʻO Skotlandia kahi home o ʻelima o nā ʻāpana hua hua uala i kū i ka EU. ʻO ia, ʻo kēia kahi o ka hana no ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole koi nā rula hōʻoia ma laila i ka hōʻoia mandatory o ka maʻi huna. ʻAe, ua ʻōlelo ʻia, akā ʻaʻole pili ka pae o ka maʻi latent i nā hopena hōʻoia. I ka USA, ua loiloi ʻia ka infestation tuber me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hana kaohi lepo maʻamau. I ka hāʻule, lawe ʻia nā laʻana mai nā pūʻulu āpau e pili ana i ka hōʻoia a hoʻouna ʻia i Hawaii a i ʻole Florida. ʻAʻohe hoʻoilo, kanu koke nā tubers i ka lepo a loiloi ʻia e ka hōʻike ʻike ʻia o nā maʻi viral i ka wā ulu. A pololei kēia, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia kēlā maʻi latent i nā lau a me nā mea kanu, i kekahi manawa noho ia i kahi ʻano latent no nā makahiki he nui me ka hana ʻole i kahi ʻeha. Ma Pepeluali, loaʻa nā hopena me kahi hōʻike maoli o nā maʻi viral e kū nei i nā mea kanu keiki. ʻO ke kiʻi like no nā mea kūʻai hua, akā ma hope. Hoʻoholo kēia ʻikepili i ka hopena hope loa o ka hōʻoia makahiki, a hoʻokumu ʻia ka hoʻokumu puna nui ma kēia ʻike.
ʻO nā kūlana S-1 o ka UNECE, Kelemania, Palani pū kekahi e hoʻolako a hoʻohana i ka loiloi o nā virus i nā keiki pololei. Ma hope o kaʻohi ʻana, pono ia e lawe i nā laʻana o 100 mau tubers, ulu i loko o ka hale kōmaʻomaʻo a loiloi i ka hōʻike o nā maʻi viral ma nā lau. I ka manaʻo nui, he kaohi honua hoʻi kēia, ma ka lepo paʻa wale nō, kahi koho ʻoi aku ke kumukūʻai. Lawe ʻia nā hoʻokolohua Laboratory i nā hihia kontroversial wale nō. Akā i ka maʻamau S-1 like aia he contrad contradict, no ka mea ʻo ka ʻāpana e pili ana i ke kaʻina hana loiloi e hōʻike nei i ka hiki ke hoʻohana wale i ka ʻike kiʻi wale nō, akā me ka hana keʻena hoʻokolohua. Ua maopopo i nā loea e ELISA a i ʻole PCR, he mau manawa he nui nā mea kanu viral i ʻike ʻia ma mua o ka ʻike maka.
No nā lula o ka maʻi ahulau latent, i hoʻolauna ʻia e GOST 33996-2016 mai ka makahiki 2018 ma ka Russian Federation, hoʻolako lākou no ka hoʻowalewale hoʻokolohua ʻana, me ka nānā ʻole ʻia ʻana o nā keiki makua, a kū hoʻokahi i ka wehewehe ʻana. Wahi a ka hae hou, he mandatory wale nō no ka maʻi latent o nā hua ʻano kumu: SSE a ʻoi aku. Akā wehe ka memo i nā hiki palena ʻole no ka impromptu a me ka improvisation: “Kaha. No nā mea i lawe ʻia o super-elite, elite a me nā ʻuala hua reproductive i kūʻai ʻia i nā ʻāina i lawe i ka hae, mālama ʻia ka hoʻokolohua hale loiloi ma ke noi a ka mea hana a mea hoʻolako paha i kaʻuala hua. ʻO nā maʻamau i ʻae ʻia no ka palena ʻana i ka maʻi viral a me / a i ʻole ka maʻi bacteria e pili ana i nā hopena o ka hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua ʻana o nā hāpana tuberous i hiki ke hoʻokumu ʻia i nā ʻaelike (ʻaelike) no ka hāʻawi ʻana i kaʻuala hua ma o ka ʻaelike a nā ʻaoʻao. No nā ʻāpana o ka mahele ES, ʻo ka pae palena o ka palena o ka VLR e pili ana i nā hopena o ka hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua ʻaʻole pono e ʻoi aku ma mua o 10%. " Ua hoʻohuli kēia mau noi ʻekolu i ke kūlana mai kahi palapala koʻikoʻi a kūpono ʻole hoʻi i loko o ka lapuwale kānāwai, kahi kumu o ka wehewehe ʻana o nā pilina ma waena o nā mea hana a me nā mea kūʻai mai, kahi pono hana. Pehea e hiki ai i kekahi ke ʻae (hoʻololi maoli i ka hae) a hilinaʻi i nā ʻaelike a nā ʻaoʻao i nā mea e pili ana i ka maikaʻi, no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki i nā makemake o ka mea kūʻai aku a me ka mea kūʻai mai ke kūʻaneʻi Pehea e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hoʻonohonoho i nā kūlana like no nā ʻāpana like ʻole, no ka mea hiki ʻole ke hōʻemi i ka maikaʻi ma ke ʻano he reproduction. A ʻo kahi ʻae hou aʻe o ke kūlana 33996-2016 - ka loiloi ʻana i ka maʻi latent me nā maʻi viral - ʻae ʻia e hoʻokō ʻia e ka ELISA a me PCR. Hāʻawi ʻia i ka ʻokoʻa o ka ʻike i kēia mau kiʻina e ka ʻoka o ka nui. Akā ua ʻae ʻia ke kūlana a kau ʻia i ka hopena, ke kūlike me kāna mau lula a koi ʻia i nā ʻoihana āpau.
Lawe ʻia ka hana ʻana o ka hua ʻuala ma nā ʻāina āpau me nā ʻuala ulu e ulu nei ma kahi kumu i kapa ʻia ʻo ka virus ʻole. ʻO ka moʻomeheu o nā pūnaewele a me nā pūnaewele i hui pū ʻia me ka thermo-chemotherapy a me ka hoʻolaha microclonal e ʻae i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea hua mua me ka ʻole o ka maʻi virus i loko o nā ʻuala potato. Akā pono ʻoe e hoʻomaopopo i ʻelua mau helu: ʻaʻohe o ke kumu o ka hemo ʻole piha ʻana, akā ʻo ka hiki ke noho i kahi nui ma lalo o ka paepae noʻonoʻo o nā kiʻina diagnostical molekino i loaʻa. A ʻo ka hemo ʻana i nā maʻi, ʻaʻole ia he manaʻo e hana i ka ʻuala i kūpaʻa i nā maʻi ʻino. Me ka pale ʻole o ka palekana me ka maʻi hou ʻole me nā maʻi viral, lilo ka hua ʻuala maikaʻi i ʻano hybrids F-1, kahi e hāʻawi ai ka hanauna mua i nā hopena maikaʻi loa, a me ka hana hou ʻana, ua nui ka emi o ka hana. ʻO ke kūʻai ʻana i nā ʻuala hua no hoʻokahi makahiki o ka mahi ʻana ma nā wahi me ke aniau koʻikoʻi a me kahi kūlana infectious kiʻekiʻe e hana ākea ʻia, e like me ka hema o ka Russian Federation. Akā me ke ʻano o ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā mea kanu, pono nā ʻanoʻano i ka nui a ma ke kumukūʻai kūpono. ʻO ke kiko holoʻokoʻa o ka māla o ka hana ʻana i ka hua uala e hoʻonui i ka hana ʻana o ka hua ma ke ʻano paʻa i ka hoʻouka hou ʻia. ʻAneʻane nā mana āpau a me nā hoʻonohonoho kūikawā, nā hana ʻenehana a me nā ʻenehana a me nā hana e kuhikuhi ʻia i kēia. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻōla ʻia kahi mea kanu a me nā tubers i loaʻa i ka maʻi, a hōʻike ʻia ka hakakā me nā maʻi viral i ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi kanu e nā aphids a me ka mīkini. E noʻonoʻo mākou i kekahi o nā mea nui o ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi viral e pono e kamaʻilio ʻia i ka pae kiʻekiʻe loa.
1. Ka helu moʻohelu kālā a me ka pane ʻana i ka dinamika a me nā ʻano lāhui o nā aphids-vector o nā virus. ʻO ka hoʻoili ʻia ʻana o nā virus e nā aphids mai nā mea kanu maʻi i nā mea olakino, me ka maʻi mua o nā mea kanu a me ka hoʻoili ʻenekini, ʻo ia ke kumu nui no ka loaʻa hou ʻana o kaʻuala. Noho ka hapa nui o nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe a noho mau ma ka waha o nā aphids no kekahi mau hola. I loko o kēia manawa, hiki i nā aphids ke lele he ʻumi mau mile mai ka māla, landfill, ka lūlū ʻana haʻahaʻa a hoʻopau ʻia i nā hale mālama hua. Pono pono e nānā i kēia kaʻina hana i nā māla ulu-ulu me ka hoʻomau mau - mai ke kanu ʻana a hoʻopau i ka maloʻo ʻana o nā poʻo. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia i nā ʻāina āpau o ka ulu ʻuala ulu, mālama ʻia ka aphid me ke komo nui ʻana o ke kālā kālā a me ke komo ʻana o nā keʻena noiʻi noiʻi. ʻO nā hopena o ka nānā ʻana a me ka pane ʻana iā lākou e nā ʻoihana hua e pono ai e noʻonoʻo i ka wā o ka hōʻoia. ʻO ka lawelawe hoʻomalu mea kanu mokuʻāina i hoʻohana e like me kēia i ko mākou ʻāina. I kēia manawa, no kekahi kumu, mālama ʻia ka mākaʻi ma ka Russian Federation no ka uala wale nō no ka nī potato potato, ʻaʻole ia he pilikia i ka ulu ʻuala kalepa. No laila, pono i kēlā me kēia ʻoihana ʻohana pono e kaʻawale me ka kūʻokoʻa i nā vektor aphid e hoʻohana ana i nā ʻenehana maʻamau. A maopopo a hui pū ʻia ia, pono ʻoe e ʻike i nā kikoʻī nui. ʻO ke kumu o ka ʻōnaehana nānā aphid ʻo nā lawaiʻa melemele a Merike (kiʻi 5). Pono lākou e kau ma luna pono o ke kiʻekiʻe o nā mea kanu, ma kahi i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia o nā mea kanu āpau ma kahi kokoke o ka māla potato. (Hiki i nā loea pale pale ke loaʻa i kahi kuhi kūpono kūpono o ka helu o nā aphids e ka nānā pono ʻana i nā lau 100 o luna, waena a me lalo ma ka diagonal o ke kahua.)
ʻO nā aphids ʻēheu i hāʻule i loko o nā pahele e pono e hōʻiliʻili ʻia i kēlā me kēia pule a me ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā ʻano laha. ʻO ka hiki ke hāpai i nā virus i nā ʻano aphid ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa. ʻO ka aphid ʻōmaʻomaʻo peach ʻino weliweli loa (kiʻi 6,7) kahi kūlike i kūlike me hoʻokahi, ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe āpau i nā koina liʻiliʻi o ka liʻiliʻi (Papa 2,3). Ua hāʻawi ʻia nā helu ʻē aʻe o ka aphid e nā ʻepekema Pelekane (Felton B. et al., 2013) a hoʻohana ʻia ma nā wahi āpau. ʻOkoʻa lākou no ka Y-virus a me VLVK, ʻo ia hoʻi, no nā ʻano hana like ʻole o ka lawe ʻana i nā virus. Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano ʻāpana kūpilikiʻi kolona i ka melemele, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo nā mea e noho ma kaʻuala e hana i nā ʻano ʻēheu ʻole e halihali pū nei i nā virus. Hoʻopili kēia me ka peach, kaʻuala, ʻuala nui, buckthorn, apths buckthorn. ʻO ke koena o nā laha i manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻole e koloneʻi i kaʻuala, akā lawe i nā virus i ke kaʻa, i ke kaʻina o nā injection test i ka wā e ʻimi nei i nā mea kanu forage i kamaʻāina. Ke hoʻoholo nei i nā ʻano laha o nā aphids ʻēheu e koi i nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe a me ka microscope. Ua paʻi ʻia nā mea ʻike pono no nā aphids 40-50 mau makahiki i hala aku nei a i kēia manawa he rarity bibliographic. Loaʻa nā atlases kala piha piha loa o Kelemania (2000) a me nā Netherlands (2008) mai nā hale kūʻai pūnaewele o nā mea paʻi. Aia kekahi mau pūnaewele kūikawā ma aphids, no ka laʻana, aphid.aphidnet.org, akā ma luna o lākou e hōʻike liʻiliʻi ʻia ai nā ʻano o kaʻuala. Ke kālailai ʻana i nā ʻike o nā pahele, ʻaʻole pono e nalo kekahi i ka hiki ʻana i nā leafhoppers a me nā psyllids e hāʻule ana i loko o lākou (kiʻi 8,9), nāna i hoʻolaha i ka stolbur a me ka maʻi ʻo Zebra Chips i komo i loko o ʻEulopa.
Kiʻi 8. Cicadas Kiʻi 9. Psyllida
Hoʻohuli ʻia ka helu o nā aphids i hopu ʻia i index index pressure pressure (VDP). Helu ʻia ʻo Peach aphid i nā anakuhi maoli, hoʻonui ʻia nā ʻano ʻē aʻe āpau e ka coefficient harmness. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, unuhi lākou i hoʻokahi anakahi o ke ana, ke ʻano o ka hōʻino o ka peach aphid. No laila, inā hopu ʻia nā aphids ʻuala 20, a laila e helu ai i ka papa kuhikuhi, ʻo 20x0,2 = 4 mau anakahi kā lākou helu. ʻO ka huina kālā e pili ana i ka peach aphid ʻo ia ka papa kuhikuhi puʻupuʻu vector. ʻOi aku ka loiloi e noʻonoʻo i ka IVD no nā ʻano aphid paʻa ʻole e like me ka pilikia loa. ʻO kahi papa kuhikuhi o nā waihona ma lalo o ʻelua mau mea palekana loa, ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Mai ka 2 a i ka 10 - melemele, mākaukau, lawe i nā mea pale i ka manaʻo o ka ʻoihana. IVD ma luna o 10 koi i ka pono o ka pale ʻana i nā pono hana pale i nā aphids. Hōʻoia kēia e ka mana hōʻoia. ʻO ka hana ʻole i nā hana pale ke kumu o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka papa o nā ʻanoʻano a i ʻole ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi kauoha e luku i nā lau. ʻO ka paepae o ka hoʻopōʻino o nā aphids (10 mau ʻāpana o nā peach aphids) i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka papa o nā noiʻi kūikawā o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka maʻi o nā mea kanu ma nā kaomi vector like ʻole. Hoʻonui ka maʻi me nā virus inā ʻoi aku ka nui o nā aphids i ka paepae; me nā helu liʻiliʻi, he mea nui ʻole ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā pae o ka maʻi. No laila, me kahi pae ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me melemele o IWD, ʻaʻohe hopena o nā hana pale, ʻaʻole e hoʻopili i ka pae o ka maʻi, a ʻaʻohe wahi i ka lawe ʻana iā lākou i waho.
I kekahi mau ʻāina ʻEulopa, no nā helu nānā āpau, hoʻokō ʻia ka helu ʻana o ka huina (hōʻiliʻili) IIA mai ka hoʻomaka o ke kau ulu (Fig 1). Ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā waiwai palena o ka huina IWD, a ma hope e hoʻopuka ka lawelawe hōʻoia i kahi kauoha no ka ʻoki ʻana a me ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana o nā piko i nā ʻōhua hua. He aha kēia palena palena? I Nekelana, IWD i kēia manawa - 80 mau ʻāpana o ka peach aphid (Haverkort A., 2018). ʻAʻole kuhi ʻia kēia mau hōʻailona ma nā lula hōʻoia hōʻoia aupuni. Akā ua hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia i ka wā e hāʻawi ana i kahi kauoha no ka mowing top, ʻaʻole ʻo ka index index pressure pressure wale nō i lawe ʻia i loko o ka helu, akā ʻo ke kūʻē ʻana hoʻi o nā ʻano i ka maʻi viral (aia kahi papa kūhelu o nā ʻano mahiʻai e like me kēia ʻano), ka helu o nā mea kanu me nā ʻōuli o nā mea ʻino i ʻike ʻia i ka wā o ka nānā kula, e hana ana i nā pale ana e kūʻē iā aphids. Hāʻawi ʻia nā mahiʻai mai ʻelua (Netherlands) a i ʻekolu mau lā (Scotland) e hoʻokō ai i ke kauka. ʻO ka hoʻokō ʻole i ka ʻōlelo kuhikuhi e alakaʻi i ka hōʻole ʻana i ka hōʻoia a i ʻole ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka papa hua.
ʻO ka mākaukau mau o ka nānā ʻana i nā aphids e hāpai ana i nā maʻi viral e hāʻawi i ka ʻike o ka pae o ka hopena infectious a ʻae iā ʻoe e hana i nā hana pale ʻaʻole maʻamau, akā e pono ai, e mālama kālā nui ana i nā huahana pale mea kanu. Hoʻohui ʻia, hāʻawi ʻia ka lawelawe lono wanaʻao aphid i nā mea kanu hua EU. I loko o ka ʻōnaehana o nā keʻena noiʻi kālā, he nui nā hana omo e paʻa (kiʻi 10), i ʻike i nā halihali i ka lewa ma nā wahi kiʻekiʻe. Hāʻawi kahi pahele omo i kahi wanana pololei ma loko o kahi radius o 100 km. Hiki iā ʻoe ke moeʻuhane i kēlā ʻano lawelawe, akā ʻo ka ʻike i hāʻawi ʻia e ʻae iā ʻoe e hoʻohana pono i ka kaohi ma kahi pae o kahi ʻoihana, hoʻololi i ka ʻike i loaʻa i nā hana e kāohi ai i nā maʻi viral, e noʻonoʻo ana i ke kūlana i ulu i loko o kahi makahiki a me nā ʻano kikoʻī. Loaʻa i ka papa inoa o kēia mau ana i nā ʻenehana like ʻole no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka pale ʻana i nā kope hua.
2. Hoʻokaʻawale ākea... ʻO ka wahi o ka hana ʻana i kaʻuala hua ma nā wahi me ka ʻike infectious liʻiliʻi o nā maʻi maʻi viral i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia i nā ʻāina āpau o ka ulu ʻuala ulu. ʻO kahi laʻana, ma Netherlands, hoʻokumu ʻia ka hana ʻana o nā hua ma nā pā kahakai ʻākau (Fig 2).
Ua hoʻokūpaʻa nā ʻike loihi i ka hopena infectious i kēia wahi he hoʻokahi a me ka hapa ka manawa o ka haʻahaʻa, a ʻo ka pae wā koʻikoʻi o IWD i ka awelika ma Iulai 26, ʻelua mau pule ma hope ma mua o ka hema o ka ʻāina. (Haverkort A., 2018). ʻIke maopopo ʻia kēia ma ka Fig 1: ma ke kūkulu ʻākau, ʻōmaʻomaʻo ka IVD, ma ka hema, ʻulaʻula. Hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia ma ka hema o Netherlands, weliweli loa ka hana ʻana o ka hua ʻuala, akā ʻaʻohe mea e ʻōlelo e pili ana i nā ʻāina hema loa. Akā, mai poina e pili ana i ka pilina. Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e holo i ka palena o Nūlani, akā hoʻokele a pau i Belgian i ka hema, a laila ma ka ʻākau o Palani, ma ke kahakai o ka English Channel, aia kahi hua ʻuala e ulu nei i kēia ʻāina. ʻO Palani ka mea kūʻai nui ʻelua o ka ʻuala hua ma ka honua. Hōʻike kēia i nā huahana kiʻekiʻe loa, ʻoiai aia ka zona hua Farani ma 700 km hema o nā palani Dutch. ʻO nā mea kanu lūlū, ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻenehana a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana, hana i kahi huahana kūpono, ʻoiai no nā kumu maopopo ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike i nā hopena o ka nānā aphid ma kēia wahi i ka lehulehu.
Kūkulu ʻia ka ʻāpana hua uala Scottish ma ka ʻākau hikina, ma ke kai. (Kii 3). Inā ʻoe e nānā i ka mākaʻikaʻi Pelekane o nā aphids i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, a laila ma kēia wahi ʻoi aku ka manawa o ka infectious background ma mua o ka waena o ʻEnelani. Akā ʻike ʻia ma Skotlandia ponoʻī kekahi mau wahi me ka liʻiliʻi o nā aphids, ma ka hema hikina, ka palena me ka ʻIlani ʻIlani. No ke aha i kanu ʻole ai ka ʻuala hua ma laila?
ʻIke loa, ma muli o ke kūpono liʻiliʻi o nā ʻāina e pili ana i ka hoʻohui mechanical a me ka pōhaku. Inā mākou e nānā wale i nā aphids, a laila kūpono ke kau ʻana i nā hua uala a pau o EU ma Scandinavia. Ua lawe ʻia kekahi mau kaʻina i kēia ala. 200 km maoli ma mua o ka Arctic Circle, ma ka 64th kūlike aia kahi Finnish, kekahi o nā HG ʻElima ʻelima, kahi e ulu nei nā hua uala (kiʻi 14). Hiki i 1000 mau tona o nā hua uala ke ulu ma laila i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma kahi o 30 hectares. Kūpono ke ʻano o ke aniau: ʻo ka wā e ulu ana mai Mei a ʻOkakopa, nā hola ao lōʻihi loa i ka hoʻomaka o ke kau ulu, anuanu a lawa ka ua - a i 300 mm (Fig 4).
Ua aʻo maikaʻi ʻia ka hopena infectious o aphids e nā mea noiʻi kūʻokoʻa (Kirchner S. et al., 2013) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hei melemele a me nā omo. Mai ka 20 a i ka 3000 aphids e hāʻule i loko o ka hei i kēlā me kēia pule (Fig 5). Akā i waena o lākou he 10-20% wale nō o nā mea lawe virus, ʻo ke koena he lāʻau kū ʻole kikoʻī a me nā ʻano ulu. ʻAʻole hiki i nā aphids Peach ke hana ma ka ʻākau, ʻike ʻia nā aphids ʻuala i kekahi manawa.
E paʻi ʻia ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka ʻatikala ma ka puke pai "Pūnaewele Uala" Helu 3, 2020.
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