ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu māla i nā ʻōnaehana o ka mea kanu - ka mea āu e ʻike pono ai i ka kanu ʻana i ka manure kīlepa i hana maikaʻi a ʻaʻole ʻino i ka moʻomeheu.
ʻO nā hua lāʻau Sidereal kahi kumuhana kaulana i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka hua. ʻO nā ʻepekema a me nā agronomists i nā mea āpau i kahi helu lehulehu.
He aha nā siderates no nā ʻuala: ka loio a me nā mea ʻino
No laila, e like me ka noiʻi ʻana e nā ʻepekema Dutch, ʻo ka ʻulaʻula ulaula ma mua o ke kanu ʻana i nā mea kanu i hoʻonui i ka hua o nā kōpō ma mua o kahi hui oats oats / pī / vetch.
Eia nō naʻe, hiki i ka ʻū ke hoʻokeʻo ʻia i ka wī (verticillosis), kahi pōʻino no ka kanu huaʻai. A he keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, e like me ka hana ma mua o nā ʻuala, ka mea maʻamau i ka hopena maikaʻi loa i ka hopena.
ʻO nā oats a i ʻole kāwī hihiu, kahi ʻino ino o ka cereals, ke kū ʻole ʻia ka hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻana no nā ʻuala. Ma ʻAzenekia, ua hoʻokō ʻia kahi hoʻokolohua ʻelua makahiki ʻelua o nā ʻaka kai, i hoʻohana ʻia ma kahi laiki ʻala, he hopena nui ia o ka hopena a me ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi lāʻau ʻōpala. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka wai, a ua emi iki ka ikaika o ke kīhāpai i nā wahi inoculated pathogen.
ʻO Soy kahi mea maikaʻi loa i ka uala, ʻoi aku i nā aniau mahana. ʻOi aku ka hoʻomanawanui o ka soy i ka acidity o ka lepo ma mua o ka nui o nā legume a ua hana maikaʻi i ka scab. ʻO ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka soya ma ke ʻano he hua mea ia e hua ai ke koena a no laila ʻaʻole hāʻawi i ka mālama ʻana i nā pae meaola i ka lepo.
ʻO Lupine kahi mea punahele ma ʻEulopa ma ke ʻano he uhi uhi ma mua o nā ʻuala.
Aia kona hopena ma o ka huahana neʻe ʻelua mau makahiki i ka ʻoki pōʻai ʻana. Loaʻa i nā hua lupine ka hopena i loko o ka nematodes a me rhizoctonia a hiki ke lilo i mea koho maikaʻi.
I kekahi mau'āina, lilo ka rye i hoʻohana nui ʻia ka uhi kaulana a i ʻole ka hōʻiliʻili hua ʻana i nā ʻuala, akā hoʻi i nā ʻeleʻele māmā. ʻAʻole e like me nā legumes, rye ʻaʻole pono i kahi pH kiʻekiʻe a hoʻokūkū loa me nā nāhelehele. ʻO kēia kekahi o nā mea kanu maikaʻi maikaʻi e pale i ka leʻaleʻa nitrate i ka hāʻule. E hoʻokuʻu nui loa ʻo Rye i nā kauwela haʻahaʻa o ka hoʻoilo. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, he mea paʻakikī ka rye e luku i ka pūnāwai, a pōʻino, he mea hoʻokipa hale no ka nematodes e kūʻē ana i nā ʻuala.
ʻO nā huaʻai a Kāpala, e like me ka pua nani keʻokeʻo, ka ʻōpala aila, a me ka rapeseed, e hōʻike i nā pono he nui. Ke ulu wikiwiki nei lākou, kūleʻa i ka anuanu, he mau mea hoʻokalakupua maikaʻi o nā nitrogen, ʻōpala wale nō kā lākou mau hua, a make lākou i ka hoʻoilo. E kāʻei i nā nematodes. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻohuli ʻia ka pono me ka lāʻau ʻehā e kū pono i ka scab a me ka rhizoctonia. ʻO kekahi mea hiki ʻole ke hemahema ka phytotoxicity i loko o ka pūnāwai maikaʻi. Hoʻopili maoli nā moʻomeheu cruciferous i ka kumuhana maloʻo ma ka moʻomeheu o hope.
He aha kā ka ʻepekema i ʻōlelo mai ai? ʻO ka manaʻo o ka agronomist
Ke nānā nei i nā siderates kuʻuna, pono e kōkua e heluhelu i ka ʻatikala e Andrew McGuire, kahi agronomist hua hakahaka o ke Kulanui o Wakinekona. Kahea aku nei ka mea kākau i ka manure māla no ka ʻūlū huaʻai a ʻūlū ʻōmaʻomaʻo paha, he mea kūpono ʻole ia me ke kumu o nā uhi ʻāina.
“ʻO ka manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo kahi hua e ulu ana a laila hoʻokomo ʻia i ka lepo ʻoiai e ʻōmaʻomaʻo ana. Hoʻohana ākea kēia hana e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka lepo a hāʻawi i nā meaʻai i nā mea kanu ma mua o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea synthetic synthetic.
ʻO kēia manawa hou, ua lilo hou ka poʻe mahiʻai i ka ʻuala i kēia ʻenehana kahiko, e koho ana i ka ʻano manure māla mai ka mustard e hoʻonui i ka huahana ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā waiwai momona o ka ʻāina.
Akā, ʻaʻole e like me ka uku waiwai, ma lalo o kā nā māla mauʻu o ka wā o ka wā o mua, ʻo mustard-green fertilizers e pono ai ke kāʻei nui, ʻo ia kekahi ʻenehana mahiai, a ma kekahi mau ʻano.
Makemake lākou i kahi hoʻomaopopo i ka ʻānepili o ka honua ecology, nā mea kanu lepo, nā mea kanu biochemistry, a me nā ʻano no ke koho a me nā nānā. Manaʻo ia ʻaʻole like me nā loina synthetic, hiki i ka siderates ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kino kino, ke kino a me nā mea ola o ka lepo.
Koki ʻia kahi ʻōlepa o ke pua nani a ʻoki ʻia i ka hoʻoilo ma mua o ke kanu ʻana i nā ʻuala.
Hoʻonui maikaʻi ka ʻano pilikino o ka lepo, e like me ka slope, penation wai, mālama wai a me ka average, ʻoluʻolu me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea kūlohelohe i ka lepo, inā he manure, green manure, compost a i nā koena ʻai. Ke alakaʻi nei kēia i kahi ulu o nā ʻōnaehana ʻoi aku a me ke olakino e kōkua ana i nā lāʻau e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kaumaha.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona biological o ka ʻāina, e like me ka biomass microbial, hana koi a me ka biodiversity, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia me nā kolamu ʻala. Hāʻawi kēia mau hoʻololi i ka biology lepo pōkole pōkole pōkole no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hua ʻai ʻōmaʻomaʻo i nā ʻōpiopio ulu, a ʻo ia hoʻi no ka mālama ʻana i nā pōpō lepo a me nā pathogens e like me nā maʻi hakakā a me nā maʻi maʻi.
Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea kanu o ka lepo ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā pae o ka wai a me nā mea kūlohelohe. Ke hoʻohana ʻia i loko o kekahi mau mea ulu, ʻōmaʻomaʻo kahi kahaki no nā fumigants nui.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka nui a me ka lōʻihi o kēia mau hopena i hilinaʻi ʻia i nā mea he nui, e like me ka palapala hoʻomehana, ka mahana a me ka haʻahaʻa, ka makahiki a me nā ʻano lāʻau, ka pāʻauʻau, nā ʻano kanu lāʻau, nā ʻano palu a me nā kiʻekiʻe, a me ka ʻōkō hua. I ka hopena, ua ʻokoʻa ka pono o ka pua me kahi siderate no nā ʻuala i nā mahina.
ʻO ka hopena o ka manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo i nā meaola o ka lepo ka hopena o nā ʻano hana like e hana i kahi kaulahao paʻakikī o nā pilina i ka lepo. No laila, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻōlelo aʻe i nā ʻano hana nui a i ʻole pehea e hana pū ai kēlā me kēia me nā mea ʻē aʻe - hiki iā mākou ke hoʻoholo i nā ʻano hana e holo pono ai a koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i kaʻuala.
Huli ʻaʻa
Ma mua o ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hopena i ka microbiology lepo, ua hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole o ka hua uhi ʻāina i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻololi ʻana i ka hua.
ʻO ka hoʻololi kūpono ʻana i nā hōʻiliʻili kūpono e hōʻemi ana i nā pilikia o ka pōpoki ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kūlana o ke kaiapuni a me nā mea olakino.
Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia maʻi pākuʻi i kahi kūlana e makemake ai ia. Inā ʻae ʻia nā mea make i ko lākou mau punahele punahele no ka lōʻihi loa, hoʻonui lākou a hoʻoulu i nā pilikia.
Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hōʻiliʻili me nā lā kanu kanu (puna a me ka ʻohi), nā hua like ʻole (a me ka makahiki a keu; lōʻihi komo me.
Hoʻopiʻi i ka maʻi lepo
ʻO ka lua o ka hana o kekahi mau uhi uhi ʻāina ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka paʻa o ka maʻi ʻōlohelohe. Ua ʻike nā ʻepekema ʻepekema me he mea paʻa o nā maʻi i hoʻoili ʻia e ka lepo, ʻoiai ke kū nei ka pathogen ma ka lepo i nā mea e hiki mai ana.
Ma keʻano kikoʻī ma ka hihia o ka wilting verticillary (ʻO Verticillium dahliae) ʻike nā mea noiʻi inā i kanu ʻia kekahi mau siderates (palaoa, mustard, rapeseed, Sudan mauʻu a me ka palaoa maikaʻi) i kanu ʻia i loko o ka lepo ma mua o ke kanu ʻana, ka pae o ka maʻi. Hulaia ua haʻahaʻa, ʻoiai me ka kiʻekiʻe o ka mau māla i ka mahina ʻai.
Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka ʻakaʻōmaʻomaʻu i ke kumu no ka ikehu no nā microorganisms pōmaikaʻi. Ua manaʻo ʻia kēia mau mea e haʻalele Hulaiaka hoʻonui ʻana ʻana i ka nui.
A laila, ma hope o ke kanu ʻana i nā ʻuala, hiki iā lākou ke haʻalele iā Verticillium mai ka wahi ma ke kumu o ka ʻuala i kapa ʻia ʻo ka rhizosphere. ʻO kēia wale nō kahi wahi e hiki ai i nā pathogens willy verticillin e hoʻopilikia i nā mea kanu kanu.
Manaʻo nā ʻepekema i ka hakakā ʻana no kāu hua ʻai, aia kekahi mau ʻano hana, me ka komo ʻana (me ka piʻi ʻana a i ʻole a hōʻemi paha i ka nui o ka hopena) o nā hōʻailona pākuʻi ma waena o nā pathogens a me nā mea kanu.
Pono e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia ka holo pono ʻole o nā koena lāʻau i ka maikaʻi e like me nā mea kanu hou. No laila, e pani i ka hua o ka ʻāina aʻo ia ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo.
Biofumigation
Hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano huaʻōlelo e hōʻike i ka hopena o ka ʻoki ʻana i nā hua ʻai a i ʻole nā mea kanu sideral i nā pōpoki i lawe ʻia e ka lepo.
ʻO nā kulu e like me ka rapeseed a me ka mustard aia nā mea kanu biologically i kapa ʻia ʻo glucosinolates.
I ka lepo, ʻo kekahi glucosinolates i loko o nā aʻa, nā aʻa a me nā lau e wāwahi i loko o isothiocyanates (ITC) a me nā meaʻala.
ʻIke ʻia ʻo Isothiocyanates e pepehi a hoʻopaʻa i kekahi phytopathogens a me nematodes. Aia a he nui nā ʻano o ka glucosinolates e hana i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka ITC me nā meaʻala ʻole no nā maʻi like ʻole.
ʻO Methyl ITC kahi mea kīpika ikaika e like nō, me ka fumigant synthetic maʻamau, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka ulu ʻana o ke keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, ʻōpena keʻokeʻo a ʻulaʻula ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana limahana. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻokolohua kīwī i nā hualoaʻa, a e hoʻomau ʻia ana ka noiʻi.
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka maikaʻi o ka mauʻu Sudan (a i ʻole ka Sudgh sorghum) a me ka millet e kūʻē ai i nā nematode aʻa ma o ka hana ʻana i ka durrin, a, e like me nā glucosinolates, hana i kahi hui ʻona ke hoʻopili ʻia i ka lepo - i kēia hihia hydrogen cyanide (HCN).
Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, e hiki koke i ka ʻike ʻana o ka glucosinolates ma mua o ka pua a hoʻomau a hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā mea kanu.
ʻO ka hana o kēia manawa ka hana ʻana i ka manure ʻōloe ma mua o ka hoʻopili ʻia ʻana e hōʻoia i ka hoʻopili ʻana o kēia mau bio-fumigants me ka lepo. ʻO ka lako hana maikaʻi loa no kēia mea he chopper wikiwiki wikiwiki. ʻO ka mea hope loa, ʻoi aku ka hana o ITC ma luna o nā ʻāina maloʻo ma lalo o ka maloʻo no ka mea hiki i ka wai ke kula ma hope o ka noi.
ʻO kēia hana, e pili ana i ka hoʻokae ʻana o nā maʻi koi, i ka wā e hoʻokuʻu ai kekahi mau mea ola i nā mea kanu e pili ana me nā aʻa kanu lāʻau a hoʻōla i nā ʻano kūlohelohe o nā mea kanu.
E wehewehe i nā pahuhopu ma mua o ke koho ʻana i nā siderates
Ma mua o kou hoʻohui ʻana i kahi hua o nā hua ʻai kīlika i kāu hoʻololi ʻana i ka hua, pono ʻoe e hoʻoholo i ka mea āu e makemake ai e hoʻokō: e hoʻomalu i kahi nematode kūikawā, maʻi, pilikia ʻōpala, a i ʻole hoʻomaikaʻi wale ʻia i ka lepo.
I ka manawa i hoʻoholo ai ʻoe i ka pahuhopu nui, pono ʻoe e hoʻoholo i nā hoʻokele hoʻokele e hoʻonui i ka hopena e alakaʻi iā ʻoe i kēia pahuhopu.
Pono ka hoʻonohonoho o ka pahuhopu e mālama i ka hui like ʻole o nā mea kanu, ka lepo a me nā mea kanu ma kāu pāla a i ʻole ma nā wahi āpau e lawe ʻia ai ka mahiʻai.
No ka mea e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kekahi ʻano manure mākeke ma kekahi mau kūlana, pono ʻoe e aʻo i nā pōmaikaʻi a me nā hemahema o kēlā me kēia ʻanoʻano a hoʻāʻo e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i kēlā me kēia mea i kūpono loa i kou kūlana.
ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi a i ʻole ʻole i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā pōmaikaʻi mai ka hua ʻai i ka palekana o ka lepo e hilinaʻi ana i nā kikoʻī: ka hana kanu, ke kanu ʻana, ka wā kanu, ka pāheu, ka mana, a me ke ʻano a me ka wā o ka kanu. Ma mua o ke kūʻai ʻana i nā hua, e maopopo e loaʻa iā ʻoe ka ʻike a pau e pili ana i kāu hua i koho ʻia.
Hiki ke kumukūʻai nā hua o nā loiloi pilikino. Eia nō naʻe, hoʻopuka ka huaʻai ʻōmaʻomaʻu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hua ʻēmi loa ma nā wahi infertile a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻōla ʻana me ka mea ʻole e hāʻawi i nā hopena i nā hopena maikaʻi, ʻoi aku ka manaʻo o ka hakakā ʻana me ka phytopathogens a me nematodes.
Ke noʻonoʻo nei i ke kumukūʻai o nā lāʻau ʻala, he mea nui e noʻonoʻo i nā pono āpau. ʻOiai he maʻalahi maʻalahi ia e ʻike ai i nā pōmaikaʻi, inā hiki iā ʻoe ke hōʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea pesticides, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka loiloi ʻana i nā pōmaikaʻi o ka maikaʻi o ka lepo a i ʻole nā pōmaikaʻi lōʻihi.
Eia kekahi, e hoʻomanaʻo ʻo kekahi o ke kālā āu e hoʻolilo ai i ka mālama ʻana i ka uhi honua inā i lilo. Pili kēia i nā mea momona - ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou e noho i ka lepo no nā mea kanu aʻe.
E noʻonoʻo i ka manawa a me ka hana e loaʻa ai nā hopena maikaʻi. Loaʻa ia mau kumuwaiwai i ka wā e pono ai? Loaʻa paha ʻoe i nā hanana ʻē aʻe i kēia manawa o ka makahiki e pale iā ʻoe mai ka nānā ʻana i ka mālama ʻana i ka hua kīlepa o ke kīlea? E kūʻai paha ʻoe i nā lako hou a e hoʻolimalima i nā limahana. "
E heluhelu piha: https://www.agroxxi.ru/