Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Boris Anisimov, Federal Research Center no ka ʻuala. A.G. ʻO Lorja
ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka mahi ʻana i ka ʻuala ma Rūsia e pili pinepine ʻia me ka inoa ʻo Peter I. Aia kahi ʻano a Peter I, i kamaʻāina me ka ʻuala ma Holland (1697-1698) a me ka mahalo i kāna mau pono, ua hoʻouna ʻo Count Sheremetev i kahi ʻeke o nā ʻuala ʻuala. me nā kuhikuhi koʻikoʻi e ulu i kēia mea kanu ma Rusia. Ua ʻae ʻia ka moʻolelo o ka mahi ʻuala ma Rūsia me kēia ʻeke ʻuala. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe ʻike e pili ana i ka hopena hou o kēia ʻāpana aliʻi. Inā i hana maoli ʻia, ʻo ia wale nō ke ala i komo ai ka ʻuala i ko kākou ʻāina. I kēlā me kēia hihia, ʻike ʻia ia mai nā waihona waihona i ka waena o ke kenekulia XNUMX. I nā kūlanakauhale he nui o Rūsia a me nā kauhale kuaʻāina, ua ulu mua nā mahiʻai a me nā māla i ka ʻuala.
I ka wā mua, ua manaʻo ʻia ka ʻuala ma Rūsia, e like me nā wahi ʻē aʻe, he huahana exotic ʻē aʻe. Ua lawelawe ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he kīʻaha laʻa a ʻono i nā pōlele a me nā ʻahaʻaina. A he mea kupanaha paha, kāpīpī lākou i ka ʻuala me ka paʻakai, akā me ke kō.
Me ka liʻiliʻi, ua aʻo hou nā Lūkini e pili ana i nā pono o ka ʻuala. ʻOi aku ma mua o 200 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, i loko o kekahi o nā ʻatikala ma ka puke pai "Works and Translations for Benefit and Entertainment," i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no ka ʻuala, ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo "earth apples" (e like me ke kapa ʻana i ka ʻuala i ka wā mua) he meaʻai ʻoluʻolu a olakino. . Ua hōʻike ʻia e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻuala no ka kuke ʻana i ka berena, ka kuke ʻana i ka porridge, a me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā pai a me nā dumplings. Aia i ka makahiki 1764-1776. ua mahi ʻia ka ʻuala ma nā māla o St. Petersburg, Novgorod, kokoke i Riga a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe.
ʻO kahi hana nui i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka ʻuala ma Rūsia ua pāʻani ʻia e ke Kauka Lapaʻau, ʻo ia ka lua o ka ʻepekema ʻepekema ma Rūsia ma hope o ka Academy of Science. I ka 60s o ka XVIII kenekulia. wī ma kekahi mau wahi o ka ʻāina, ua waiho ke Koleke Lapaʻau i kahi hōʻike kūikawā i ka Senate. ʻO kēia hōʻike, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ke ala maikaʻi loa e pale aku ai i ka pōloli “... ʻo ia nā ʻōleʻa lepo, i kapa ʻia ma ʻEnelani he potetes, a ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe he pears lepo, tartuffels a me nā ʻuala.».
Ua hoʻopuka ka Senate i kahi kauoha kūikawā i kākau e pili ana i ka ʻuala: «Кe pili ana i nā pono nui o kēia mau ʻāpala a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka hana i ka wā e ulu ana, akā ua uku nui ʻia lākou a ʻaʻole wale e hāʻawi i ka poʻe i kahi meaʻai ʻoluʻolu a olakino hoʻi, akā he meaʻai hoʻi no nā holoholona āpau, pono lākou e hoʻohanohano ʻia e like me ka ʻO nā mea kanu maikaʻi loa i ke kūkulu hale a no ka hoʻoulu ʻana e hoʻoikaika i nā mea āpau».
Ma waho aʻe o ke kauoha, ua hoʻopuka pū ka Senate i kahi "aʻo" kūikawā, i.e. Alakaʻi no ka ulu ʻana i ka ʻuala. ʻO ke koʻikoʻi o ka Senate i ka hihia o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka ʻuala ma Rūsia ua ʻike ʻia e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ma 1765-1766. Ua kūkākūkā ʻo ia i kēia pilikia 22 manawa. Ua lawe koke ʻia nā hana kūpono: ua kūʻai ʻia nā hua a hāʻawi ʻia i nā panalāʻau āpau, me nā mea mamao loa. Ua hoʻopuka kēia mau hana i nā hopena i makemake ʻia. Ma hope koke iho, ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻuala ma nā panalāʻau he nui o Central Russia, Ukraine, a me nā mokuʻāina Baltic. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua nui nā haunaele e pili ana i ka hoʻokomo ikaika ʻana i nā mea kanu ʻuala, i ka wā i lawe ʻia ai ka ʻāina maikaʻi loa no ka ʻuala mai ka poʻe mahiʻai mai, ua hoʻopaʻi ʻia lākou no ka mālama ʻole ʻana i nā ʻōlelo a nā luna, a ua kau ʻia lākou i ka ʻauhau. I ka 30-40s o ke kenekulia XIX. I ka pane ʻana i nā hana hoʻomāinoino a ke aupuni o Nicholas I, ua ala mai ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "nā haunaele ʻuala".
He mea koʻikoʻi loa nā hana a ka Free Economic Society, i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma St. Petersburg i ka makahiki 1765, i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ulu ʻuala ma Rūsia. I waena o lākou, aia kahi kuleana kūikawā i ka agronomist Lūkini mua ʻo Andrei Timofeevich Bolotov. I ka makahiki 1770, ua paʻi ʻo ia i kahi ʻatikala ʻepekema, "A Note on Tartofels." ʻO kēia kekahi o nā hana mua a kikoʻī loa "no ka hoʻokumu ʻana, ke kanu ʻana a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā ʻuala," a me "ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana iā lākou." ʻO Bolotov ka mea i kapa mua i ka ʻuala ʻaʻole ʻo "apple honua" a i ʻole "potetes", akā "tartofel". I ka wā lōʻihi, ua hoʻololi ʻia kēia inoa i ʻuala.
Nui nā mea hoihoi i ka moʻomeheu hou ma Rusia. ʻO ka hōʻai'ē kūikawā no ka uluʻana i kaʻuala no ka māla o St. Petersburgʻo Efim Andreevich Grachev, he kama'āina o Yaroslavl mau mahiʻai. ʻOi aku ma mua o 100 mau ʻano like ʻole i kāna ʻohi ʻuala. No kāna mau lawelawe i ka acclimatization a me ka hānau ʻana o nā ʻano hou, ua loaʻa iā ia he 60 mau mekala ma nā hōʻike like ʻole ma Rūsia a ma waho. Ma ka International Horticulture Exhibition ma St. Petersburg, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻano ʻuala Grachev ʻoi loa. Ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻo Grachev i ka ʻano ʻAmelika Early Rose, i loaʻa i nā kūlana Lūkini i nā ʻano hou a lilo i ʻano kaulana loa i waena o ka poʻe - "ʻo mua." Ma hope mai ua hoʻomau ʻia kēia hana e N.Ya. Nikitinsky. Ua loaʻa iā ia mai ke kaikamahine a Grachev nā ʻano like ʻole i loaʻa i kēlā manawa a hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hānai iā lākou ma ka ʻāina ʻo Kostino ma ka moku ʻo Ryazan, i kūʻai ʻia no kēia mau kumu.
N.Ya. Ua loaʻa ʻo Nikitinsky i nā ʻano like ʻole mai nā ʻāina ʻē, mālama i nā leka ikaika me nā mea kūʻai aku, a hoʻouna iā lākou i nā catalogs a me nā mea kanu ma ke noi. Hāʻawi ʻo ia i ka manawa nui i ka hana hoʻokolohua: ke hele ʻana, koho a hoʻolaha i nā hybrids maikaʻi loa e hana i nā ʻano hou. ʻOhi ʻuala N.Ya. Ua hoʻonui ʻia ʻo Nikitinsky i 400 mau ʻano, me nā hybrids i hānai ʻia ma ke ala ʻana. ʻO ka ʻāina ʻo Kostino i kēlā manawa ke kumu nui o nā hua ʻuala ma ka ʻāina. I ka makahiki 1912 N.Ya. Ua make ʻo Nikitinsky, ua hoʻomau kāna wahine i ka hana o ka hoʻolaha ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole. Ma hope o ke kipi ʻana o 1917, hāʻule ka waiwai ʻo Kostino i mea ʻole no ka loaʻa ʻole o ke kākoʻo mokuʻāina.
I ka makahiki 1919, ua hoʻomaka ka Bureau of Applied Botany of the Agricultural Scientific Committee i ka hana ʻana i kahi hōʻiliʻili o nā kumu kumu a me ka hōʻiliʻili maʻamau o nā laʻana (domestic and foreign) no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano ʻuala home. I ka makahiki 1920, i ka wā i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ai ka Korenev Experimental Station (ma hope o ka All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming) ma ka ʻāina ʻo Moscow, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka mea hoʻokumu a me ke alakaʻi ʻo A.G. Ua wehe ʻo Lorch i kahi hōʻiliʻili o nā ʻano ʻano N.Ya mai ka ʻāina ʻo Kostino. Nikitinsky. I loko o ia manawa hoʻokahi, ʻo T.V. Aseeva a me A.G. Ua hoʻonohonoho a hoʻokō ʻo Lorch i nā noiʻi nui a me nā koho ʻana o nā ʻano like ʻole (domestic and foreign) ma nā mea kanu ʻuala ma ka moku ʻo Moscow. A.G. Ua hōʻuluʻulu a hoʻonui ʻo Lorch i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano maʻamau a hou. Ke hoʻohana nei i kēia kumu kumu, ua hoʻomaka nā limahana o ke kahua ʻo Korenevskaya i ka makahiki 1921 i ka hana hoʻohua e hana i nā ʻano ʻuala home. I ka makahiki 1930, ua hānai ʻia nā ʻano ʻano Lorch a me Korenevsky, a ʻo ka mea mua i mahi ʻia ma Rūsia.
I ka manawa mai 1925 a 1958. ua hoʻolauna ʻia ka nui o nā kumu waiwai no ka hoʻohua ʻana i nā huakaʻi i alakaʻi ʻia e S.M. Bukasov, S.V. Yuzepcuk, N.I. Vavilov, P.M. Zhukovsky a me nā mea noiʻi ʻē aʻe o nā kumuwaiwai mea kanu o ʻAmelika Hema. Ma muli o nā haʻawina ʻāina, botanical a cytological e S.M. Ua kūkulu ʻo Bukasov i ka ʻōnaehana ʻepekema mua o ka honua o nā ʻano ʻuala, i ʻike koke ʻia ʻo ia ka mea maikaʻi loa e nā taxonomists o ka New and Old Worlds. ʻO ia ke kumu o nā ʻōnaehana ʻuala hou a pau.
Hana ʻia ka hana ma ka Research Institute of Plant Growing i kapa ʻia ma hope. ʻO N.I. ʻO Vavilova (VIR) ma ka mālama ʻana, aʻo ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole o ka ʻuala i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i kōkua nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā papahana hoʻoulu a me ka hana hua mua (koho kākoʻo) o nā ʻano ʻuala mua i hana ʻia ma ke kumu o nā keʻena noiʻi mahiʻai zonal i loaʻa i nā ʻano kaiaola. a me nā ʻāina kūlana ʻāina.
ʻO ka ʻano like ʻole o nā ʻuala i hoʻomohala ʻia ma Rūsia i ka hapa lua o ke kenekulia 90 ua pau ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā koi mākeke hou i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki XNUMX, ʻoi aku hoʻi e pili ana i nā ʻano o ka maikaʻi o ka ʻuala i ke kālepa. No laila, ma ka ʻāpana o nā mea hana ʻuala nui, me nā hui mahiʻai (AHO) a me nā mahiʻai mahiʻai (nā mahiʻai mahiʻai), aia kahi hapa nui o nā ʻano ʻano maikaʻi no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka papaʻaina a me nā ʻano ʻano kūpono no ka hana ʻana, a no nā ʻohana liʻiliʻi he mea pono ia. e hoʻonui i ka koho, huli mua, ʻoʻo mua, ka hope blight a me nā ʻano nematode-resistant.
Ma lalo o kēia mau kūlana, ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi nā ʻepekema Lūkini a me nā mea hānai, i ka manawa pōkole loa i nā kumu kumu a me nā ʻenehana no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano ʻuala i ke koi. ʻO nā hana nui i manaʻo ʻia e aʻo i ke ʻano o ka hoʻoilina a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o nā ʻano nui e hoʻoholo ai i ka wānana i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻohana i nā ʻano like ʻole, ka loiloi ʻana i ka hiki ke hui pū ʻana o nā ʻano makua a me ka ʻike ʻana i nā hui keʻa kūikawā no kekahi mau wahi o ke koho kūpono, hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻano. nā hoʻohana like ʻole i manaʻo ʻia, e noʻonoʻo ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hōʻike ʻana o nā kumu waiwai nui, nā hōʻailona koʻikoʻi, etc.
Ua ʻae ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ala ala hou i ke koho kūpono no ka manawa 1991-2010. e hana i ʻoi aku ma mua o 70 mau ʻano i holo kūleʻa i nā hoʻokolohua mokuʻāina a ua hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka State Register of Breeding Achievements i ʻae ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hana.
Wahi a nā hoʻokolohua ecological-geographical a me ka mokuʻāina, hiki i ka hiki ke hiki i nā ʻano ʻano i loko o ka State Register i hōʻoia i ka hua o 40-45 t / ha, i ʻike ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana hana i ka pae ʻenehana kūpono o ka mahiʻai ʻuala.
ʻO ka holomua nui i ka wikiwiki o ke koho ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano hou e kū ana i nā koi o ka hana mahiʻai i loaʻa i ke kikowaena breeding o ka All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming ma muli o ka hoʻokō kūleʻa ʻana ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana o ka geneticist kaulana a me ka breeder Doctor o ʻepekema mahiʻai. LAUA. ʻO ka papahana hānai Yashin no ka hoʻomohala like ʻana o nā heluna hybrid like ʻole i nā ʻano kaiaola a me nā kūlana ʻāina. Mai ka makahiki 1986, ua komo nā mea hoʻohua mai nā hui ʻepekema kūloko i ka hana ma lalo o kēia papahana. Ua loaʻa iā lākou a pau ka manawa e loaʻa ai mai ke kikowaena koho o ka All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Potato Farming genetically diverse breeding material, i koho mua ʻia ma ke kahua o ka koho prebreeding no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā genes dominant a me nā polygenes kuleana no ka nui o ka waiwai waiwai. nā hiʻohiʻona - ka mea nui no ke kū'ē i nā maʻi a me nā pests a me ka heterozygosity, ka mea e hoʻoholo ai i ka hua kiʻekiʻe i ka ʻuala.
ʻO ka hoʻokō ʻana i kahi papahana e hoʻohana i nā heluna like ʻole no ke koho ʻana i nā kūlana kaiaola a me nā kūlana ʻāina i hiki ke hoʻonui nui i ka nui o nā ʻano ʻano bred me kahi ākea o ka hiki ke hoʻololi i nā kūlana o nā ʻāina ulu ʻuala. ʻO kahi papahana hui e hoʻāʻo ai i nā heluna hybrid like i hiki i kāna poʻe hui āpau ke mālama kālā i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano hou.
Ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻolālā no ka hoʻomohala hou ʻana i ke koho kūpono, nā ʻepekema mai ka VNIIKH i kapa ʻia ma hope. A.G. ʻO Lorch ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a Kauka o ka ʻEpekema Mahiʻai. E.A. Ua ʻike ʻo Simakov i nā kuhikuhi nui loa no ka manawa a hiki i 2020:
Ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano pākaukau hoʻokūkū i makemake ʻia i ka mākeke kūʻai. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona nui no lākou: ʻo ka hiʻohiʻona nani o nā ʻuala, nā hiʻohiʻona kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻono, ka pulp ʻaʻole pōʻeleʻele i ka ʻano maka a i kuke ʻia. Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ke kiʻekiʻe o ka kuke ʻana o nā ʻano papaʻaina mai ka kuke ʻole (ke ʻano salad) a hiki i nā ʻano crumbly. No ka mea kūʻai aku i kēia manawa, ua lilo nā hiʻohiʻona e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka tuber, ka ʻili a me ka pulp.
Hāʻawi ʻia ka nomenclature o nā ʻano papa ʻaina, ʻo ka mea mua, no ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka hana ma ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano mua e loaʻa ai ka ʻohi mua ʻana, me nā ʻano mua loa me ka ʻohi ʻoihana i loko o 70-80 mau lā ma hope o ke kanu ʻana a me nā ʻano mua me ka ulu ʻana. ka manawa a hiki i 80-90 mau lā.
ʻO kekahi o nā kuhikuhi hou i hoʻomohala ʻia i ke koho ʻana i nā ʻano ʻuala papaʻaina e hoʻonui ana i ka ʻike o nā antioxidants i loko o nā ʻuala a me ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano like me ka ikaika (mālamalama) anthocyanin a i ʻole ka carotenoid kala o ka tuber pulp, waiwai waiwai nui no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke olakino kaulike hou. ʻai.
Ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole no ka hana ʻana i nā huahana ʻuala (chips, French fries, maloʻo mashed potato). Pono nā ʻano like ʻole o kēia mau ʻano, ʻo ia ka mea nui o nā mea maloʻo (20-25%) a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā sugars (ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a hiki i ka 0,2%) i loko o nā ʻōpala, kahi e hoʻoholo ai i ka maikaʻi a me ke kala o ka huahana hope loa. Pono nā ʻōpala i manaʻo ʻia no ka hana ʻana i kahi huahana kikoʻī i kā lākou mau ʻāpana ponoʻī e pili ana i ke ʻano o ke ʻano (chips - round, fries - elongated), hohonu o nā maka, kūʻē i ka ʻeha, ʻeleʻele o ka pulp, hua o kahi hapa pāʻoihana maʻamau.
Ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano loea me ka nui o ka starch. Ke noʻonoʻo nei kēia kuhikuhi i ka hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i nā ʻano o ka starch (ka nui o nā kīʻaha starch, ka ratio o ka amylose a me ka amylopectin a me nā hōʻailona ʻē aʻe). ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o ka nui o ka starchy content (ma ka liʻiliʻi he 18%) me ke kūʻē ʻana i ka late blight a me ka nematode potato he mea nui no kēia pūʻulu o nā ʻano.
Hoʻonui i ke kūʻē ʻana o nā ʻano like ʻole i nā maʻi like ʻole ʻo ia hoʻi ke kūlana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hoʻohua ʻuala no nā kumu like ʻole. He mea pili loa kēia criterion i nā kūlana hou o ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka pōʻino o ka hapa nui o nā pathogens, ka puka ʻana mai o nā lāhui hou a me nā kānana a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā ʻano kūʻē i nā fungicides. Ma muli o kēia, ua hāʻawi ʻia nā papahana hoʻohua no ka hui pū ʻana o nā ʻano kūʻē like ʻole i nā ʻano like ʻole - ka palekana, hypersensitivity, ka hoʻomanawanui, ke kū ʻana o ke kahua, e pili ana i ka maʻi, nā kumu genetic o ke kū'ē i hoʻohana ʻia a me ka hiki ke hoʻohana i nā mea kanu kemika a me nā mea kanu. huahana pale.
ʻO kahi haʻawina koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā papahana hānai i hana ʻia e nā hui ʻepekema kūloko e alakaʻi ana i ka hānai ʻuala ma nā ʻāpana agroclimatic o ka Russian Federation. ʻO kēia ka mea i hiki ai ke hana i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā wā oʻo, e hui pū ana i ka huahana kiʻekiʻe a me ka maikaʻi o ka huahana me ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe i nā maʻi maʻamau, nā pests a me kahi ākea ākea i nā kūlana kaiapuni.
I loko o nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala (2010-2020), ua hana nā mea hoʻokumu Lūkini ma mua o 50 mau ʻano hoʻohiki hou no nā kumu like ʻole, me nā ʻano papaʻaina no ka hana mua a me ka mālama lōʻihi, nā ʻano no ka meaʻai meaʻai a me ka hana ʻana i nā huahana ʻuala (french fries, chips. , puree potato maloʻo), a me nā ʻano ʻenehana no ka hana ʻana i ka starch.
I kēia mau lā, ua hana ʻia nā hoʻololi koʻikoʻi i nā papahana hoʻoulu ʻuala e nā koi hou o ka mākeke mea kūʻai aku e pili ana i ka pono e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o ka meaʻai i ke ola o ke kanaka - e hōʻemi ana i ka ʻai calorie o ka meaʻai, hoʻonui i ka ʻike o ka protein piha, nā huaora a me nā antioxidants. I ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i kēia mau koi, ke hana ʻia nei ka hana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ʻuala me nā kumu kumu e kiʻi ai i nā hybrids hoʻohiki a hana i nā ʻano like ʻole i nā ʻano biochemical o nā tubers, me ka starch kiʻekiʻe a me ka haʻahaʻa, me kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka protein, nā huaora. a me nā antioxidants e hoʻoikaika i ka ʻōnaehana pale kanaka. ʻOiaʻiʻo, i ka nui, ʻo ka holomua o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka waiwai o ka ʻuala ʻuala e hoʻoholo ʻia e ka pae o ka ʻike o ke ʻano genetic o nā ʻano i koho ʻia a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano noiʻi genetic molecular hou, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka DNA. nā markers, ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻenehana hou a me ka marker-assisted selection (MAS), a me nā ʻano hana a me nā ʻenehana hou no ka hoʻoponopono ʻia ʻana o ka genome uala i mea e loaʻa ai nā genotypes me nā ʻano waiwai waiwai kikoʻī no ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hoʻohua.
ʻO kekahi o nā wahi koʻikoʻi ʻo ia ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā ʻano biotechnological hou a me nā ʻenehana meristem-tissue no ka loaʻa ʻana a me ka clonal micropropagation o nā mea in vitro mua a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kēia kumu o kahi kālā hoʻokūkū o nā hua hua mua o nā ʻano hoʻohiki hou.
I ka loiloi ʻana i ke kūlana o kēia manawa o ka mākeke ʻuala mea kūʻai aku ma Rūsia, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia e like me ka World Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), ka ʻai ʻana o ka ʻuala a me nā huahana ʻuala i kēlā me kēia poʻe ma kahi o 35 kg i kēlā me kēia makahiki, aʻo ka awelika. ʻO ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa o ʻEulopa, aia kēia helu ma ke kiʻekiʻe o 85 kg no kēlā me kēia poʻe, a ma Rūsia - 90 kg no kēlā me kēia kapita.
I ka Russian Federation, ʻo ka awelika o ka nui o ka ʻuala i hoʻopau ʻia no nā kumu meaʻai i manaʻo ʻia he 13-14 miliona tons. No ka hana hohonu ʻana o nā huahana ʻuala (french fries, chips, maloʻo maloʻo ʻuala) ma kahi o 1 miliona mau tons i pau. ʻO ka pono o ka ʻuala hua no nā ʻāpana o nā hui mahiʻai (AHOs), nā mahiʻai mahiʻai (mahiʻai mahiʻai) a me nā ʻoihana kūʻokoʻa (IEs) me ka nui o ke kanu ʻana ma luna o 300 tausani heka ma kahi o 1 miliona tons. He mea paʻakikī loa ka manaʻo ʻana i ka nui maoli o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻuala no nā hua a me nā meaʻai holoholona ma ka ʻāpana o nā hale liʻiliʻi, ʻoiai ʻo ka helu i manaʻo ʻia ma aneʻi he 5-6 miliona mau tons. Wahi a nā helu helu mana, ma nā ʻāpana āpau o nā mahiʻai, ʻo ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻuala no nā hua i ka makahiki 2018 he 4,6 miliona tons, no ka hānai holoholona - 4,3 miliona tons. ʻO ka awelika o nā poho makahiki i ka wā o ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻuala i manaʻo ʻia he 1,5 miliona tons.
Wahi a ka Federal Customs Service o Rūsia, i ka makahiki 2019, ua loaʻa i ka 298,3 tausani mau ʻuala.
No laila, ma Rūsia ka pae o ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā ʻuala i hana ʻia i loko o ka ʻāina ʻaʻole i emi iho ma mua o 22 miliona tons. ʻO ka emi ʻana o kēia pae ke alakaʻi i kahi hemahema o ke koena holoʻokoʻa o nā ʻuala kalepa, a no laila, hoʻonui ʻia ka māhele o nā mea lawe mai. ʻO ka māhele wānana o ka lawe ʻana mai i ka nui o ka ʻuala i hoʻopau ʻia i manaʻo ʻia he 300-350 tausani tons. ʻO kēia nā ʻuala "'ōpiopio" mua loa, kahi e hoʻonui pinepine ʻia ai ka noi a me ka nui o ke kūʻai ʻana i nā kaulahao kūʻai i ka wā o waho, i ka wā e pau ai ke ola o nā mea kanu o ka makahiki i hala ma Mei, a ma kahi o 2 mau makahiki hou aʻe ma mua. ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā lako ʻuala kalepa mai ka ʻohi hou -x mahina.
ʻOhi ʻuala nui ma Rūsia ma nā ʻano mahiʻai āpau i ka makahiki 2019 he 22,0 miliona tons, me 7,5 miliona tons i loaʻa e nā hui mahiʻai a me nā mahiʻai mahiʻai. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hōʻike ʻana i nā makahiki he 15 i hala iho nei, ua emi nui ka hapa o nā ʻohana i ka hana ʻuala. No laila, ma luna o ka manawa mai 2013, ua emi mai ka 77,7% a hiki i ka 65,8%, aʻo ka māhele o nā hui mahiʻai i hoʻonuiʻia mai ka 13,8 a hiki i ka 21,0%, nā mahiʻai mahiʻai a me nā mea kālepa hoʻokahi - mai 8,6 a 13,3 ,XNUMX%.
Aia paha i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana, hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo i ka hōʻemi hou ʻana o ka ʻāpana o nā ʻohana i ka nui o ka nui o ka hana ʻuala a ʻoi aku ka emi o kā lākou hopena i ka mākeke ʻuala. Hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka ulu nui o nā ʻuala pāʻoihana i nā ʻoihana mahiʻai, nā mahiʻai mahiʻai a me nā ʻoihana hoʻokahi e hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka wahi a, ʻoi aku hoʻi, ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā hua.
I ka wā e hiki mai ana, hiki ke kūpaʻa ka awelika o ka ʻuala i nā ʻoihana mahiʻai e hoʻohana ana i nā ʻenehana hou i ka pae o 26-28 t / ha. ʻO nā mahiʻai mahiʻai e noho mau ana ma kahi haʻahaʻa o ka hua ma kahi o 21-23 t/ha, ʻo ia ka mea nui ma muli o ka ʻoi aku o ka hope o nā mea a me nā kumu ʻenehana i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā ʻoihana mahiʻai, a me ka paʻakikī o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mahiʻai. i ka hoʻolimalima ʻana i nā lako, nā hōʻaiʻē, a me nā haʻawina no nā mea kanu, ka wahie a me nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe.
I ka hapa nui o nā ʻoihana mahiʻai i loaʻa nā kumu waiwai a me nā ʻenehana a me nā ala kūʻai aku i hoʻokumu ʻia, e paʻa mau ka nui o ka hana ʻuala. I ka manawa like, i ko mākou manaʻo, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka mana nui no ka hoʻonui maoli ʻana i ka nui o ka ʻuala i ka māhele o nā ʻoihana mahiʻai (mahiʻai) a me nā ʻoihana pilikino. No ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pono o ka hana ʻuala i kēia ʻāpana o nā mahiʻai, ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hui interfarmer i ka hana ʻana a me ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻuala a me nā hua ʻuala he mea nui loa. ʻO ka ʻike i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia o nā hana kūloko a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe e hōʻike ana i loko o ke ʻano o nā hui inter-farm, nā mahiʻai, lilo i lālā o ka hui a hoʻokō i kāna palapala hoʻohui, ʻaʻole e nalowale i ke kūʻokoʻa waiwai a me ka hoʻokele waiwai, akā hoʻokuʻu iā lākou iho mai nā pilikia o ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā huahana. ka lawe ʻana mai i nā mea pono no ka hana ʻana a i ʻole ka loaʻa ʻana o nā lawelawe ʻē aʻe. I ka manawa like, ua hōʻoia ʻia ka hoʻohana kūpono ʻana o nā kumuwaiwai āpau a me nā hiki o kēlā me kēia hui hui e hōʻemi i nā kumukūʻai, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o ka huahana hope a loaʻa ka loaʻa kālā.
ʻO ka maikaʻi kiʻekiʻe o ka hui ʻana o nā mea mahiʻai i ka hana ʻana a me ke kahe ʻana o nā hua a me nā ʻuala meaʻai i hōʻoia ʻia e nā makahiki he nui o ka ʻike i nā hana honua maikaʻi loa o nā ʻāina me kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻuala (France, Netherlands, USA. , etc.). Ma ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i kēia, ʻo ka hui ʻana o ka interfarmer e pili ana i ka hui manawaleʻa o nā ʻoihana mahiʻai ulu ʻuala (mahiʻai), a me nā ʻoihana hoʻokele waiwai, hiki ke lilo i hoʻokahi o nā wahi maikaʻi loa a hoʻohiki i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻoihana ulu ʻuala ma Rūsia. .
I ka hopena, makemake wau e huki hou i ka manaʻo i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i kēia mau makahiki i hala aku nei ko mākou ʻike a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka waiwai o ka ʻuala ma ke ʻano he mea nui loa i ka meaʻai kanaka i hoʻonui nui ʻia, ʻo ia ka mea nui ma muli o nā hopena o ka in- ka noiʻi hohonu ma ke kahua o kāna ʻano biochemical, a me ke koho hoʻomohala koʻikoʻi i ke kuhikuhi o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka waiwai o ka ʻuala.
Mahalo i ka ʻike kaulike o nā mea koʻikoʻi biologically i loko o ka tubers (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, antioxidants, mineral salts, organic acid, etc.) alakaʻi i nā wahi i waena o nā huahana me ka waiwai nui o ka meaʻai, a me kāna kuleana i ka meaʻai olakino o ke kanaka hou e hoʻonui wale ʻia.