Ke kanu ulu nei o ka mokuʻo Sverdlovsk
ʻO ke kau i hala, ua ulu nā ʻoihana mahiʻai o ka moku ʻo Sverdlovsk i ka ʻuala ma kahi o 13,9 tausani hectares. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka hua ma 180,4 c / ha. ʻO ka nui o ka hōʻiliʻili nui ʻana i ka hopena o ka makahiki i ka 250,7 tausani tona.
Territory: 194 sq. km, ka loa mai ka ʻākau a hiki i ka hema 307 km, mai ke komohana a i ka hikina - 660 km.
Ka heluna kanaka: 4 325 256 poʻe, a nona ka 84,78% poʻe noho kūlanakauhale. Kūlana kūlana honua: aia ma ka hikina hikina o nā mauna Ural a pili ʻia e ka ʻāina haʻahaʻa ʻo Siberian Komohana. I ke komohana hema, hoʻonui ka ʻāina i nā kahakai komohana o ka Urals waena.
ʻO ke aniau: ʻĀinapuniʻole, akā ma muli o ka lōʻihi o ka ʻāina ma ka meridian no ʻoi aku ma mua o 600 km a me nā ʻokoʻa i ke kōkua, he ʻano nui ko ka ʻāina.
Ma nā pāpū, hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke ana wela o Ianuali ma -20 ° ma ka ʻākau a -16 ° С ma ka hema. Hoʻololi ka awelika o ka mahana ma Iulai mai ka 16 ° north ma ka ʻĀkau a 19 ° ma ka hema. Ke neʻe aku ʻoe mai ka pali a neʻe i ka hema, hoʻonui ka huina o nā mahana kūpono a hoʻemi ka nui o ka ua makahiki. Aia ka ʻāpana nui o ka pāpū ma ka mahele wela, a ʻo nā ʻaoʻao hema a hapa hema komohana hoʻi o ka ʻāina i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka wahi me nā kūlana aniau maikaʻi loa no ka mahiʻai. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke aniau o ke kāʻei mauna, me nā mahana o ke kauwela haʻahaʻa a ʻoi aku ka mahana ma mua o nā pāpū. ʻO 350-400 mm ka awelika o ka makahiki ma ka hema-hikina a me 500 mm ma ka ʻākau, a ma nā wahi mauna o ka hema-komohana ua ʻoi aku ia i ka 500-600 mm. Ma muli o kēia kūlana anilā, ke kau maʻamau e ulu nei ma ka moku ʻo Sverdlovsk ma kahi o 130 mau lā.
Kākoʻo: aia ka ʻaoʻao komohana o ka ʻāina ma loko o ka Central a me ka ʻĀkau ʻĀkau, a ʻo ka ʻaoʻao hikina e waiho ana ma ka lihi komohana o ka mauna low Siberian Komohana. Hoʻohālikelike ka ʻāpana o ka Middle Urals i kahi pā - ma ke komohana, ke kiʻekiʻe o nā kuʻina wāwae mai 300 a 500 mau mika, a ma ka hikina, loaʻa kahi ʻoluʻolu koʻikoʻi me ka kiʻekiʻe ma waena o 200 a 300 mau mika. ʻO ke kiko kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka ʻāina ʻo ka piko ʻo Konzhakovsky Kamen (1539 m kiʻekiʻe).
O ka lepo: Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻano genetical 35 ma ka ʻāina o ka ʻāina - mai ka mauna-tundra a me nā lepo podzolic i ka ʻākau o ka ʻāina i nā chernozems a me nā chernozem-meadow ma ka hema. Kūleʻa nā lepo Podzolic a me soddy-podzolic (33,2% o ka nui o ka uhi lepo), hoʻolaha ʻia nā lepo ʻeleʻele hina ma luna o 20% o ka ʻāina. Noho ka hina a me nā hina hina i 13,1%. ʻIke ʻia ʻo Chernozems i nā wahi liʻiliʻi ma ka hema a me ke komohana hema o ka ʻāina. I ka ʻāpana mauna, ua palahalaha nā ʻāina mauna-taiga a me nā mauna-tundra.
Ka ʻāina mahiai: 4082,6 tausani ha (21,0%).
ʻO ka uala kahi hua nui no ka Middle Urals. No nā makahiki he nui i mālama ka moku ʻo Sverdlovsk i kahi kūlana paʻa i nā luna he ʻumi i alakaʻi ʻia i ka hana potato ma Rūsia.
Eia nō naʻe, e like me nā hopena mua o ka Census Agricultural All-Russian o 2016, i paʻi ʻia e Sverdlovskstat, mai ka 2006 ua hoʻemi ʻia kahi o ke kanu ʻuala ma ka ʻāina mai 50,3 a 48,9 tausani hectares. Ua emi ka nui o nā helu ma muli o ka hoʻemi ʻia o nā mea kanu i nā lālā pilikino o nā kamaʻāina.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, i nā hui mahiʻai nui a me nā mahiʻai i kēia wā, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ka ʻāina i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia no ka ʻuala. Ua hoʻonui nui ʻia nā hōʻailona hāʻawi: i nā māla e hoʻohana ana i nā ʻenehana hou, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēia mau kiʻi i nā hana i loaʻa i ko ʻEulopa.
ʻOiai i kekahi mau makahiki ua emi mau ka hoihoi i ka moʻomeheu ma waena o nā mea mahiʻai. No laila, i ka 2016, i ka ʻāpana ʻoihana o ka ʻāina, ua hōʻemi ʻia ka nui o ke kanu ʻana o ka ʻuala (ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 2015) e kahi kaukani hectare. He nui nā mahiʻai (ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi a me ka liʻiliʻi) e hōʻole e hana me nā mea kanu, ʻoiai ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa o ka uala i haʻahaʻa loa no kekahi mau kau i ka lālani.
I ke kau i hala, ua ulu nā mahiʻai ʻoihana o ka moku ʻo Sverdlovsk i kaʻuala ma kahi o 13,9 tausani hectares. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka hua ma 180,4 c / ha. ʻO ka nui o ka hōʻiliʻili nui ʻana i ka hopena o ka makahiki i ka 250,7 tausani tona.
KA MANAHU A IA
ʻO kahi kōkua nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i kaʻuala a me ka hana ʻana i nā hua ma ka ʻāina a me ka ʻāina āpau e ka Ural Research Institute of Agriculture. I nā makahiki i hala aku, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka ʻike he nui ma aneʻi i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā ʻano hou o kaʻuala. Hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻano he nui i loko o ka State Register of Breeding Achievements o ka Russian Federation, me nā mea kanu uala i ʻike ʻole ʻia ʻo Mayak, Otrada, Amur, Bravo, Gornyak, Lux, Start, etc.
ʻO FGBNU "Ural Research Institute of Agriculture" kekahi o nā mea mua ma Rūsia e hoʻokō i ka palapala hoʻoilina o kāna mau ʻano a me nā hybrids i hoʻohiki nui ʻia: no laila, koho ʻia a koho ʻia no nā ʻano waiwai kūpono i hoʻokō nui ʻia a me ka pono. ʻOi aku ma mua o 20 tausani genotypes e hoʻāʻo ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma ka pūnaewele hoʻokolohua.
Mai ka 2013, ka Ural Research Institute of Agriculture, me AO AIC Belorechensky, e hana nei i ka hoʻokō ʻana i kahi papahana hui o ka Ural Potato Seed Breeding Center. Ua hoʻopuka mua ʻia ma mua o 100 miliona rubles i ka papahana, a ʻo 23 miliona mau kālā kākoʻo mokuʻāina.
ʻO ka hana o ke kikowaena mea kanu lūlū e alakaʻi i nā hana e ulu ana i nā ʻanoʻano: e hana me nā ʻano uala 15-20, nona ka liʻiliʻi he 60% o nā ʻano ponoʻī o kāna wae ponoʻī a me ke koho ʻana o ka Ural Research Institute, he 40% ʻē aʻe o nā Lūkini a me nā ʻāina ʻē.
I kēia manawa, ua pau ka pae mua o ka papahana: ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā hale hana loea kiʻekiʻe no ka hana hou ʻana o ka uala a me nā diagnostics (ʻo Uralsky Potato kekahi o nā kikowaena hānau hou no nā pono hana keʻena hoʻokolohua), ʻeono mau hale hoʻoulu no nā minitubers e ulu nei.
Manaʻo ʻia i ka makahiki 2018 e hoʻopuka ʻia he 70 tausani mau kikowaena ma ka wahi hānau hānau. ua loaʻa nā mea kanu i vitro a me 560 tausani mau ʻāpana. minitubers, i ka makahiki 2019 - 200 mau tona o nā hua o ka "hanauna kahua mua" ma ka makahiki 2020 - 1400 mau tona o nā hua o ka mahele "super elite". A mai ka 2021, hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻomaka i ka hana ʻana he 10 tausani mau tona o nā ʻanoʻano o ka "elite" e hoʻolako i nā mea mahiʻai i ka ʻāina a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe o Lūkia. Eia kekahi, e ulu pono ka ʻuala kūʻai i nā mahiʻai (hana kope mua).
Nā VARIETIES O POTATO BREEDING FGBNU "URAL NIISH"
MINELA... Kahi wā waena, e hāʻawi i 62 t / ha; kumupaʻa maʻiʻo 14-19%; palatability 4,3-4,8 mau helu; wahi paila haʻahaʻa (ʻano B).
Kūpaʻa i ka maʻi ʻaʻai a me aureus potato cyst nematode (RO1). Hoʻopili nāwaliwali ʻia e ka hopena hope loa a me ka scab maʻamau.
Kiʻekiʻena ka nahelehele, kūkulu pololei; pua mohala, lōʻihi lōʻihi. Ke hoʻolaha nei ka inflorescence, pua nunui. Keʻokeʻo ka corolla. Kākaʻikahi ka lua a me ke kula kiʻekiʻe.
Poepoe nā ʻōpuʻu, melemele; liʻiliʻi nā maka; ʻili hei; melemele ka pulp.
ʻO nā mea ʻokoʻa i kahi hua kiʻekiʻe o nā tubers a me kahi haʻahaʻa o nā nitrates i loko o lākou, kūʻē i ka maloʻo.
AMURU... Kahi wā waena, e hāʻawi i 48 t / ha; ʻino starch 12-14%; ʻono 4,0 mau kiko; medium-paila (ʻano B).
Kūpaʻa i ka maʻi ʻaʻai. Hoʻopilikia iki ʻia e ka hopena hope loa ma nā piko. Hoʻopili nāwaliwali ʻia e ka scab maʻamau.
Kiʻekiʻena ka nāhelehele, hohola; pua mea kau waena, wā pōkole. Ke hoʻolaha nei ka inflorescence. He poni māmā ka corolla. Kākaʻikahi ka hoʻokumu Berry.
Uwili nā ʻōpuʻu, ʻulaʻula; pālahalaha ke kuhi stolon, liʻiliʻi ka maka; laumania ka ihi; melemele māmā ka pulup, ʻaʻole pouli i ka wā kuke.
ʻOkoʻa i ka tuberization mua a me ka hōʻiliʻili wikiwiki ʻana i ka hapa mua o ke kau e ulu nei, ke kūʻai aku kiʻekiʻe a me nā helehelena maikaʻi.
ʻO BRAVO... Kahi wā waena, e hāʻawi i 57 t / ha; ʻino starch 12-14%; ʻono 4,0 mau kiko; wahi paila haʻahaʻa (ʻano B).
Kūpaʻa i ka maʻi ʻaʻai a me aureus potato cyst nematode (RO1). Hoʻopilikia iki ʻia e ka hopena hope loa ma nā piko. Hoʻopili nāwaliwali ʻia e ka scab maʻamau.
Kiʻekiʻena ka nāhelehele, hohola; pua mea kau waena, wā pōkole. Kūpono ka inflorescence. He poni māmā ka corolla. Kākaʻikahi ka hoʻokumu Berry.
Poepoe nā ʻōpuʻu, ʻulaʻula; liʻiliʻi nā maka; laumania ka ihi; melemele māmā ka pulup, ʻaʻole pouli i ka wā kuke.
ʻO nā ʻano o nā ʻano nui, loaʻa he kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe mau, hoʻomanawanui i ka maloʻo.
LOA... ʻO ka wanaʻao, e hāʻawi i 49 t / ha; kumupaʻa maʻiʻo 13%; palatability 17,0-4,2 mau helu; wahi paila haʻahaʻa (ʻano B).
Kūpaʻa i ka maʻi ʻaʻai a me aureus potato cyst nematode (RO1). Kūlana kūwaena i ka hopena o ke ahi. Hoʻopili nāwaliwali ʻia e ka scab maʻamau.
Haahaa ka nahelehele, hohola; nāwaliwali ka pua, wā pōkole. Kūpono ka inflorescence. He poni māmā ka corolla. Kākaʻikahi ka hoʻokumu Berry.
Umi elongated-oval, ʻulaʻula; pālahalaha ke kuhi stolon, liʻiliʻi ka maka; laumania ka ihi; melemele māmā ka pulup, ʻaʻole pouli i ka wā kuke.
Differs i loko o ke kakahiaka nui productivity, kūlike o nā tubers; helehelena uʻi. ʻO ka pane i ka hoʻolauna ʻana o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā kolamu mineral.
Hoʻomaka... ʻO ka wanaʻao, e hāʻawi i 50 t / ha; kumupaʻa maʻiʻo 13-17,7%; ʻono 3,9-4,6 puan; medium-paila (ʻano B).
Kūpaʻa i ka maʻi ʻaʻai a me aureus potato cyst nematode (RO1). Hoʻopili nāwaliwali ʻia e ka hopena hope loa i nā lau. Kūpaʻa iki i ka scab maʻamau. ʻO ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe i nā mea ʻino Y, X, S, M, L.
Kiʻekiʻena ka nāhelehele, hohola; pua mohala, pua nunui. ʻO Corolla he ʻulaʻula-lila. He awelika ka hoʻokumu ʻana o Berry.
Poepoe nā ʻōpuʻu, ʻulaʻula; liʻiliʻi nā maka, ʻulaʻula; laumania ka ihi; melemele ka pulp.
ʻOkoʻa i nā hua kūʻai hikiwawe i ke kakahiaka nui, ka nui o ka tuber nui; kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka wikamina C (26 mg /%).
INFRASTRUCTURE
Hoʻomaopopo nui ʻia i ka ʻāpana i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka mālama ʻana i nā mea kanu a me nā ʻuala: nā hale mālama i kēia manawa e ʻae i nā mea hana mahiʻai e hoʻolako i nā kamaʻāina kūloko me nā huahana kūloko a hiki i ke kau aʻe.
I ka makahiki 2014, ua hoʻomaka ka papahana āpana no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale kūʻai mea kanu i ka ʻāina. I loko o nā makahiki ʻelua o ka papahana, kūkulu ʻia nā pahu hau i ka ʻāina no ka mālama ʻana i nā mea kanu Ural me ka nui he 27 tausani tona.
I kēia lā, ʻo ka lako o nā hale kūʻai mea kanu i ka moku ʻo Sverdlovsk i 84%.
ʻSTLĀ LĀ LĀ LĀ PALAPALA
Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā limahana limahana no ka ʻoihana ulu ʻuala ma ka moku ʻo Sverdlovsk ma kekahi o nā kula nui loa o ka ʻāina - ke Kulanui ʻo Agraria State Agrarian (Ural State Agrarian University). No nā makahiki he 78 o ka hana, ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka Ural State Agrarian University ma mua o kanakolukūmālua kaukani mau loea no ka ʻaneʻane o nā lālā o ka pā agro-ʻoihana.
I kēia lā, ma luna o 7 tausani mau haumāna e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina ma ke kula nui, ke hoʻokō ʻia nei nā papahana ma nā wahi he 32 o ke kula kiʻekiʻe, 9 mau ʻaoʻao o ka hoʻonaʻauao hana lua.
Lawe ʻia ke kākau inoa no ka makahiki mua no nā wahi moʻohelu kālā 947 (i ka makahiki 2018, ke kākau inoa ʻana no nā loea e like me ka ʻenehana mahiʻai, nā lāʻau lapaʻau holoholona, nā ʻepekema holoholona, ka hoʻomalu ʻāina a me nā cadastres, a pēlā aku. Eia hou, i kēia makahiki ua ulu ka mahele o ka poʻe mākaʻikaʻi i nā loina mahiʻai (mai 30% a 50%). No laila, ke hoʻolālā nei ke Kuhina o nā mahiʻai o ka ʻāina e "hoʻāla" i nā loea i kākaʻikahi loa i nā kuaʻāina a me ka hoʻoulu hou ʻana i nā limahana i ka agro-industrial complex.
Ma ʻAukake 22-23 ma ka moku Sverdlovsk (Kochnevskoye village, Beloyarsky District), ma ke kumu o ka Belorechensky Agricultural Combine, e mālama ʻia ana ka Lā Lūkini All-Russian, kahi a ka mea hoʻonohonoho e manaʻo ai, e lilo i lā hoʻomaha no nā mea kanu uala a pau o ka ʻāina.
Hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā mea me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻike mai ka pāpāho a me nā kumuwaiwai wehe.