E like me ka Doctrine of Food Security, ʻaʻole pono e hāʻule ka hōʻailona (indicator) no ka hana ʻana i ka ʻuala ma ka Russian Federation ma lalo o 95% o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pono ponoʻī.
No ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka koi kaulike a me ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻuala i hoʻomohala ʻia ma ka ʻāina, me ka hoʻohana pilikino (e like me nā kūlana meaʻai), ka hoʻolimalima ʻana i nā hua, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻāpana o ka mea kanu no ka hana ʻana a me ka hānai holoholona. , no ka mālama ʻana i ka pae i koi ʻia o ka lawa, pono e loaʻa iā Rūsia i kēlā me kēia makahiki he 26 miliona mau ʻuala.
Ma muli o kā mākou loiloi a me ka helu ʻana no ka manawa waena, i mea e hoʻokō ai i nā pono o ka ʻāina no ka ʻuala, pono e hōʻoia: ka ʻai ʻana i ka meaʻai ma ke kiʻekiʻe o 14 miliona tons, no nā hua - ma kahi o 4 miliona mau tons, no nā kumu hānai - 5 miliona tons, no ka hana ʻana - 1 miliona tons (Table 1).
Hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo i ka hōʻemi maoli ʻana o nā poho o ka mālama ʻana a hiki i ka 1,5 miliona mau tons, ka mea e hoʻomaʻamaʻa nui ʻia e ka hana ʻana i nā mea hou a me ke kūkulu hou ʻana i nā hale mālama ʻuala i kēia manawa, e hoʻolako iā lākou me nā ʻōnaehana hou no ka mālama ʻana i nā kūlana mālama kūpono.
I ka huina nui o ka ʻuala i hoʻopau ʻia, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mahele o ka lawe ʻia mai ma mua o 1,5% (ma kahi o 400 tausani tons). ʻO kēia nā ʻuala "ʻōpio" mua loa, no ka mea e piʻi pinepine ai ka makemake i ʻApelila-Mei (i ka wā o waho, i ka pau ʻana o nā waihona o ka ʻohi o ka makahiki i hala, a ma kahi o ʻelua mau mahina ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā lako kūʻai. ʻO kēia niche i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻo nā ʻāina e like me ʻAigupita, Israel, Kina, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, etc. ke kumu o ka hoʻonui maoli ʻana i ka nui o kāna hana ʻana ma nā ʻāpana hema o ka ʻāina a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana logistic kūloko a me interregional no kēia mau kumu, e pili pū ana hoʻi i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o nā meaʻai a me nā hua ʻuala.
Hiki paha ke hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ka lawe ʻana i ka uala Lūkia ma waho, ʻoi loa i loko o nā ʻāina o ka Eurasian Economic Union. Pono e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia kēia e nā hana e hoʻonui ai i ka nui o nā kaʻa isothermal i loko o nā ʻauwaʻa refrigerated a hoʻemi i ke kumukūʻai o ka lawe ʻana e nā kaʻa kūikawā i ka wā o waho.
Wahi a ka Federal State Statistics Service, ʻo ka wahi ma lalo o ka ʻuala i loko o nā mahiʻai o nā ʻano āpau i ka makahiki 2017 he 2205 tausani ʻeka, e komo pū ana i ka ʻāpana o nā hui mahiʻai (AHO) - 171 tausani mau ʻeka, mahiʻai mahiʻai (mahiʻai) a me nā mea kālepa hoʻokahi (IE) - 129 tausani heka a i loko o nā hale - 1606 tausani heka (Table 2).
Ma ka manawa like, e pili ana i nā hopena mua o ka helu helu mahiʻai 2016, hiki iā mākou ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā helu kūhelu a me nā ʻikepili maoli. I loko o nā makahiki he 10, ua ʻike nā ʻohana i kahi hōʻemi nui o ka wahi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia no ka ulu ʻana i ka ʻuala. No laila, i ka makahiki 2017, ʻo ka nui o ka ʻāpana ma lalo o ka ʻuala ma nā pā hale pilikino he 971,1 tausani heka. ʻO kēia ʻike, ʻoiaʻiʻo, pono ka wehewehe kikoʻī, a i ka wā e hiki mai ana, e hana i nā hoʻoponopono kūpono i nā hōʻike.
ʻOhi ʻuala nui ma nā mahiʻai o nā ʻano āpau i 2017 Wahi a nā helu helu aupuni, ua loaʻa iā 29,6 miliona tons, me nā hui mahiʻai a me nā mahiʻai mahiʻai - 6,8 miliona tons. Ua hōʻike kā mākou hōʻike ʻana ma kahi o 10 mau makahiki, ua emi ka hapa o nā ʻohana i ka hana ʻuala mai 89% a i 76%, aʻo ka māhele o nā hui mahiʻai i hoʻonui ʻia mai 7 a 14%, nā mahiʻai mahiʻai a me nā ʻoihana pilikino - mai 4 a 10,5%. (kiʻi 1).
ʻIke ʻia, i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana, hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo i ka hōʻemi hou ʻana o ka ʻāpana o nā hale i ka nui o ka nui o ka hana ʻuala i ke kiʻekiʻe o 16-18 miliona tons (ma 2016 he 24,2 miliona tons, ma 2017 - 22,8 miliona tons), a e emi ana ko lakou mana ma ka makeke no ka uala kalepa. Hiki ke hoʻonui i ka nui o ka hana ʻana o nā ʻuala pāʻoihana i nā ʻoihana mahiʻai, nā mahiʻai mahiʻai a me nā ʻoihana pilikino i ka pae o 7-8 miliona tons hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā hua a me kekahi hapa ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā wahi i 305-310 tausani heka.
ʻO ka wanana awelika huaʻai i ka wā e hiki mai ana i nā ʻoihana mahiʻai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana hou hiki ke kūpaʻa i ke kiʻekiʻe o 25-26 t / ha (i 2017 - 25,8 t / ha). Ma nā mahiʻai mahiʻai, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pae o ka hua i loko o 20-22 t / ha (i ka makahiki 2017 he 20,6 t / ha), ʻo ia ka mea nui ma muli o ka ʻoi aku o ka hope a me ka ʻenehana kumu o ka hapa nui o nā mahiʻai i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā ʻoihana mahiʻai. a ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea mahiʻai a pau i ka hoʻolimalima ʻana i nā lako, nā hōʻaiʻē panakō, nā kōkua no nā mea kanu, ka wahie a me nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe.
Hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo i ka 2018. ʻO ka nui o ka ʻāina ma lalo o ka ʻuala i nā mahiʻai o nā ʻano āpau e kokoke i nā helu o ka makahiki i hala a ma kahi o 1,27 miliona mau ʻeka, e komo pū ana i nā hui mahiʻai a me nā mahiʻai mahiʻai ma ke kiʻekiʻe o 300 tausani mau ʻeka a ma nā mahiʻai home - 970 tausani mau ʻeka. He mea nui ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia mau hōʻailona i mea e pale ai i ka emi ʻana o ka hana ʻana, hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka māhele o ka lawe ʻana mai i ke koena holoʻokoʻa o nā ʻuala kalepa.
I nā kūlana o kēia wā, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomohala hou i ka hana ʻuala nui me ka ʻole o kahi ʻōnaehana paʻa o ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā hui mahiʻai ulu ulu, nā mahiʻai mahiʻai (mahiʻai) a me nā ʻoihana pilikino me nā hua varietal kiʻekiʻe o nā papa elite a me nā reproductions kiʻekiʻe. Ma kēia manaʻo, ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o ka hana a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka ʻuala hua mua a me ka elite ma waena o nā mea nui no ka hoʻokele paʻa a me ka pono o ka ʻoihana ulu ʻuala.
Wahi a nā hopena o ka nānā ʻana e ka Federal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr", ʻo ka nui o nā hua kanu i kanu ʻia i nā mahiʻai o nā ʻano āpau i ka makahiki 2017 he 3613 tausani tons (i 2016 - 3803,4 tausani tons), me 743 i kanu ʻia i nā hui mahiʻai a me nā mahiʻai. nā mahiʻai, tausani mau tons, ma nā hale - 2870 tausani tons. Hōʻike ʻia nā hopena o ka nānā ʻana i ka maikaʻi o nā hua ʻuala no ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā koi maʻamau (e like me ka Federal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr") i ka Papa 3.
Hōʻike kēia mau ʻikepili i ka kanu ʻana o nā hui mahiʻai a me nā mahiʻai mahiʻai i kēlā me kēia makahiki i kahi kiʻekiʻe o nā hua ʻuala i kūpono ʻole i nā koi o nā kūlana.
ʻAʻole maikaʻi ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka ʻuala. I ka makahiki 2017, ua ʻae ʻia ka State Register of Breeding Achievements no ka hoʻohana ʻana he 428 mau ʻano ʻuala, kahi o 221 mau ʻano (52%) i hana ʻia e nā mea hānai home. I ka manawa like, ʻo 17,3% wale nō ka māhele o nā ʻano mea hoʻokumu home i ka nui o nā hua kanu. ʻO nā alakaʻi i ka nui o nā hua ʻuala he mau ʻano like me Gala (19,6%), Red Scarlett (13,8%), Nevsky (5,6%), Lady Claire (5,3%), Rosara (4,5%) , Laki (4,1%), Zekura ( 2,3%), Veneta (2%). ʻO nā ʻano alakaʻi 10, ʻewalu no nā mea hoʻokumu haole a ʻelua wale nō no ka koho Lūkini.
He ʻumi mau makahiki i hala aku nei, e like me nā hopena o kahi loiloi like, ʻo nā ʻelima kiʻekiʻe i loaʻa i ʻehā mau ʻano home: Nevsky, Udacha, Lugovskoy, Elizaveta, a hoʻokahi wale nō haole - Romano. ʻO ka ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe o nā mea hoʻokumu ʻē aʻe i ka mākeke hua ʻuala ke piʻi mau nei i luna, kahi e hoʻoweliweli maoli ai i ka neʻe hou ʻana o nā ʻano Lūkini mai ka hana ʻana.
Aia a hiki i kēia manawa, ʻo kekahi o nā kumu nui o nā hua ʻuala haʻahaʻa ma nā wahi he nui ka hoʻohaumia kiʻekiʻe o nā mea kanu me nā phytopathogens infectious. He mea maʻamau kēia pilikia no nā ʻoihana mahiʻai he nui, nā mahiʻai mahiʻai, a ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā ʻohana, kahi i hoʻohana nui ʻia ai nā hua ʻuala perennial, i hoʻopilikia nui ʻia e nā maʻi bacteria, fungal, a me nā maʻi viral, no ke kanu ʻana.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona olaola o ka ʻuala ma ke ʻano he mea kanu vegetatively propagated e kōkua i ka hōʻiliʻili wikiwiki o nā maʻi i ka wā o ka hana hou ʻana i nā mea kanu. Hoʻopilikia ʻia ke kūlana e ka nui o nā mea hana ʻuala i hoʻokō ʻole i ka hoʻokaʻawale spatial o ke kanu ʻana i nā hua, ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā hua, a ʻaʻole hoʻi e hana mau i nā hana palekana me ka maikaʻi a me ka manawa kūpono.
ʻO ka emi ʻana o ke kūlana i ka ratio o ka nui o nā hua ʻuala o nā ʻano like ʻole o Rūsia a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe ma muli o ke ʻano o ka pae ʻenehana o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā hua mua o ka home a me nā lako ʻenehana o ka hapa nui o nā ʻoihana i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā ʻano Lūkini ʻaʻole i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me. ke kiʻekiʻe o nā hale hoʻohua a me nā mea kanu o Western European hou a me nā hui. Ma kēia ʻano, ʻo ka lawe ʻana i nā hana kūpono e hoʻololi i ka ʻenehana a me ka ʻenehana o ke koho ʻana i ka ʻuala a me ka hana ʻana i nā hua a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā koho hou a me nā kikowaena hana hua e lilo i kekahi o nā hana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hana ʻuala ma Rūsia.
I ka manawa like, ʻo ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā papahana hoʻopukapuka e pili ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana a (a i ʻole) ka hana hou ʻana o nā hale mahiʻai i loko o ke ʻano o ka Federal Scientific and Technical Program for the Development of Agriculture no 2017-2025 he mea nui.
ʻO ke kūlana ma ke kahua o ke kākoʻo ʻepekema no ka ʻoihana ulu ʻuala e pono ai ka hoʻomaikaʻi radical. ʻO kahi mea nui e pono ai ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā ʻenehana hana hou a me nā ʻenehana hana hua, e hoʻonui ana i ka hoʻokūkū o nā ʻano ʻano i koho ʻia a me ka wikiwiki i kā lākou hoʻolaha ʻana i ka hana.
Pono kēia i ka piʻi nui ʻana i ka pae ʻepekema a me ka ʻano hana a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka hana i hana ʻia ma nā ʻoihana ʻepekema ma nā wahi koʻikoʻi o ka noiʻi noiʻi kumu a me ka ʻimi noiʻi, me:
- ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano ʻuala hou me nā hiʻohiʻona waiwai waiwai e pili ana i ka hoʻohua kuʻuna a me nā ʻano hou o ka marker-based a me ke koho genomic;
- ka hoʻokumu ʻana a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka waihona o nā kaha DNA, ʻimi a hoʻomohala i nā hōʻailona DNA hou e pono ai no ka nui a me ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i ka koho ma muli o ka marker;
- ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻenehana no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka genome uala i mea e loaʻa ai nā genotypes me nā ʻano waiwai waiwai i ʻōlelo ʻia no ka hoʻomohala ʻana ma hope;
- mālama, mālama, hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hōʻiliʻili genetic; ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā hōʻiliʻili hana no ke koho ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano home hou no nā hoʻohana like ʻole i manaʻo ʻia a me ka hana ʻana ma kēia kumu o nā kikowaena no ka hoʻohana hui ʻana no nā mea hānai;
- ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ala no ka ʻike ʻana i nā phytopathogens a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻāʻo koʻikoʻi loa e pili ana i nā ʻenehana PCR, nā hoʻokolohua immunosorbent pili i ka enzyme a me nā hoʻokolohua immunochromatographic no ka ʻike ʻana i nā maʻi a me nā maʻi bacteria e hoʻopilikia i ka ʻuala;
- ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano biotechnological hou a me nā ʻenehana meristem-tissue no ka loaʻa ʻana a me ka clonal micropropagation in vitro o nā mea; hana ʻia ma kēia kumu o kahi waihona hoʻokūkū o nā ʻuala hua mua o nā ʻano ʻano hoʻohiki hou;
- ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻenehana kūpono no ka mahi ʻana, ka ʻohi ʻana, ka mālama ʻana a me ka pale ʻana i nā ʻuala mai nā pathogens a me ke koʻikoʻi abiotic.
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka mana koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻonui maoli ʻana i ka nui o ka hana ʻuala i ka māhele o nā ʻoihana mahiʻai (mahiʻai) a me nā ʻoihana pilikino. No ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka hana ʻana i ka ʻuala ma kēia ʻāpana, ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hui ʻana o ka poʻe mahiʻai i ka hana ʻana a me ke kahe ʻana o nā meaʻai a me nā hua ʻuala he mea nui loa (E pili ana i kēia ma ka magazine "Potato System" No. 4, 2017).
Ma ka laulā, ʻo ka hoʻomohala hou ʻana o ka ulu ʻana a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i kona pono i nā mahiʻai o nā ʻano āpau e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ka holomua o ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hana koʻikoʻi, me:
- ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻāpana o ka kanu ʻana i ka ʻuala i ka ʻoihana kalepa (ʻoihana mahiʻai a me nā mahiʻai mahiʻai) i 305-310 tausani heka, ʻo ia hoʻi, me ka hua o 25-26 t / ha, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i kahi hua paʻa o nā ʻuala kalepa i kēia nā māhele o nā mahiʻai ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 7-8 miliona tons;
- e hoʻonui ana i ka pae o ka awelika o ka hua ʻuala ma ka ʻāpana o nā mahiʻai hale i 17-18 t / ha, ʻoiai me ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka emi ʻana o ka wahi ma kēia ʻāpana o nā mahiʻai, e hōʻoia i ka hōʻiliʻili nui o ka liʻiliʻi he 17-18 miliona tons. i mea e uhi ai i ka pono maoli, e noʻonoʻo ana i nā kuʻuna i hoʻokumu ʻia o ka pono ponoʻī i ka ʻuala, kahi hapa nui o ka heluna kanaka o ka ʻāina;
- ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pono o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai varietal, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka home, a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā kūlana no ka hoʻonui wikiwiki ʻana i ka nui o ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka maikaʻi o nā hua ʻuala, a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana a me ka lawe ʻana mai i ka mākeke nā ʻano mea hou o ka koho home;
- ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka mālama pono ʻana i nā ʻenehana ʻenehana hou a me nā hoʻoponopono ʻepekema no ka hana ʻana i nā hua ʻuala kumu, elite a me ka hoʻohua hou ʻana;
- ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mākeke o ka ʻuala ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu home kiʻekiʻe, nā huahana pale mea kanu kūpono a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā ʻenehana mahiʻai hou;
- ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻoihana hana ʻuala a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā papahana hoʻopukapuka maikaʻi e hana i nā ʻoihana ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe o kēia wā me ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano nui o nā ʻano huahana ʻuala (french fries, chips, dry mashed potatoes, etc.);
- ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻoihana o ka mākeke hua ʻuala a me ka ʻuala, ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā kikowaena logistic regional a interregional no ke kūʻai ʻana i nā meaʻai a me nā hua ʻuala a me nā huahana ʻuala;
- ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoihoi o nā panakō i ka hoʻopukapuka ʻana i ka ʻoihana mahiʻai, me ka hana ʻana a me ka hana ʻana i ka ʻuala.
ʻO ka hoʻokō kūleʻa ʻana o nā hana mua i ʻōlelo ʻia a me nā hoʻoholo koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi i ka wā e hiki mai ana e kōkua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻoihana, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻuala paʻa, e hōʻemi ana i ka hilinaʻi lawe ʻana mai, a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana logistic hou no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā ʻuala a me nā huahana ʻuala i hōʻoia ʻia. maikaʻi o ka hana hale i ka mākeke.