Territory: 95,5 tausani mau mika square km
Ka heluna kanaka: 2 miliona 709 tausani kanaka
He kūlana kiʻi: Aia ka ʻāina ma ka hikina hema o Siberia Komohana. Aia ma ka ʻākau ka palena me ka ʻāina ʻo Tomsk, ma ka hikina me ka Territory Krasnoyarsk a me ka Repubalika o Khakassia, ma ka hema me ka Repubalika Gorny Altai a me ka Teritori Altai, ma ke komohana me ka ʻāina Novosibirsk.
Hoʻolaka ʻoʻoleʻa ʻāina. He anu a lōʻihi ka hoʻoilo, pōkole a mehana ke kauwela. ʻO ka awelika o ka ea wela o ka mahina ma Ianuali mai -18 a -22°C, ma Iulai mai +17°C a +22°C. Hiki i ka ea wela ke kiʻekiʻe loa i ke kauwela (+38 ° C), ka haʻahaʻa loa i ka hoʻoilo (ma ka hema o ka ʻāina a hiki i -54 ° C, ma ka ʻākau a hiki i -57 ° C). ʻO ka nui o ka ua mai 300 a 500 mm i kēlā me kēia makahiki, ma nā wahi mauna - a hiki i 900 mm i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
Aliʻi: Hōʻike ka ʻāina i nā ʻāina mauna-taiga, nahele-steppe a me nā ʻāina steppe. ʻO ka ʻākau o ka ʻāina ʻo ia ka ʻaoʻao hema hema o ka West Siberian Plain, ʻo ka hikina a me ka hikina ʻo Kuznetsk Alatau mauna, ʻo ke komohana hema ʻo Salair Ridge, ʻo ka hema nā kualono o Mountain Shoria, ʻo ka ʻaoʻao waena ʻo ka Kuznetsk Basin.
Nā Kūlana: Hoʻokumu ka ʻokoʻa o ka hoʻomaha a me ke aniau i ka ʻokoʻa o ka lepo a me ka uhi meakanu. Noho ʻia ka ʻāina nui loa e nā ʻano lepo soddy-podzolic; ʻoi aku ka nui o nā chernozems i ka Basin Kuznetsk.
Wāhi ʻāina ʻoihana: 2,66 miliona mau ʻeka, a ʻo 1,47 miliona mau ʻeka he ʻāina hikiwawe.
ʻASONlelo 2017 HĀLA ME KA ʻĀLAI WAIʻI
I ka makahiki 2017, ʻo ka wahi kanu ʻuala ma ka ʻāina ʻo Kemerovo he 45,7 tausani heka, ʻo ka hōʻiliʻili nui he 723 tausani tons me ka awelika hua o 158 c/ha. E like me nā helu helu i hōʻike ʻia, hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka hana ʻuala me 2015-2016. ua hoʻonui ʻia e 3% me ka piʻi ʻana o ka awelika e 13%.
I kēia manawa, 41 mau mahiʻai e hana nei i ka ulu ʻana i ka ʻuala ma ka ʻāina ʻo Kemerovo. Akā ʻo ka hapa nui o ka ʻohi (76%) mai nā mahiʻai pilikino o nā kamaʻāina. E like me Rusia a pau, ma Kuzbass aia ka manaʻo o ka heluna kanaka e hōʻemi i ka wahi i kanu ʻia me ka ʻuala (e 10% i nā makahiki ʻelima i hala iho nei), akā ke ulu nei ka hua, a no laila ke ulu nei ka hua nui o ka ʻuala ma nā mahiʻai pilikino (e. 38% a me 23%, kēlā me kēia).
Manaʻo ka Potato Union i ka awelika o ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻuala i Rusia ma 80 kg i kēlā me kēia makahiki, ʻo ka UN Food and Agriculture Organization ma 130 kg i kēlā me kēia kanaka.
Wahi a Kemerovostat, i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 2017, ʻo ka heluna kanaka o ka ʻāina ʻo Kemerovo he 2,709 miliona mau kānaka (me nā keiki liʻiliʻi). No laila, me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka manaʻo hoʻohana kiʻekiʻe loa (130 kg i kēlā me kēia kanaka / makahiki), hāʻawi ʻo Kuzbass iā ia iho me ka ʻuala e 2017% i ka hopena o 205,3.
PUNA HOOMAIKAI NO KA HANA
Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā limahana no ka ʻoihana ulu ʻuala ma ka ʻāina ʻo Kemerovo ma ka Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Kemerovo State Agricultural Institute" (FSBEI HE Kemerovo State Agricultural Institute). Hāʻawi kēia keʻena i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka "Agronomy" kūikawā ma ka papahana hoʻonaʻauao kula lua a me nā papahana bachelor (profiles "Technology of production of crop products", "Technology of production, storage and processing of crop products", "Technical system in agribusiness. ”) a me nā kēkelē laepua .
I kēlā me kēia makahiki, ua puka ka Faculty of Agricultural Technologies o ke Kemerovo State Agricultural Institute ma kahi o 35 agronomists (i nā papa manawa piha a me ka hapa-manawa).
HANA HANA
I kēia lā ma ka ʻāina ʻo Kemerovo he 52 mau hale mālama meaʻai me ka nui o ka nui o ka mālama ʻana o 162,9 tausani tons. Ke noʻonoʻo nei ua ulu ʻia ka 76% o ka ʻuala a no laila mālama ʻia e ka heluna kanaka ponoʻī, ua lawa nā hale mālama i loaʻa no ka ʻoihana ʻoihana.
E like me ke kānāwai, kūkulu nā mea mahiʻai i nā hale mālama hou i mea e hoʻonui ai i ka wahi kanu a, no laila, ka nui o ka ʻohi ʻuala. No laila, ʻo ke alakaʻi i hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻole ʻia ma Kuzbass i ka huina o nā māla ʻuala a me ka ʻohi ʻana i ka ʻuala, ʻo KDV-Agro LLC, e hoʻolālā e hoʻonui i ka wahi kanu mai 2,3 a 3 tausani heka. No kēia kumu, ke kūkulu nei ka ʻoihana i kahi hale mālama ʻuala hou me ka nui o 12 tausani tons, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia kāna hana no 2018.
E lilo kēia i mea paʻakikī nui hou, i lako me ka ʻenehana hou loa - e mālama ʻia ka mahana a me ka haʻahaʻa e pono ai i loko.
I ka huina, ua hoʻolālā ʻia ʻelua mau hale mālama ʻuala hou me ka nui o 2018 tausani tons no ke kōmike ʻana ma Kuzbass i 14,5, a me ʻelua mau hale mālama meaʻai me ka nui o 2019 tausani tons i 1,8.
KA MANAHU A IA
ʻO ka Kemerovo Agricultural Research Institute (kahi lālā o ka Siberian Federal Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences) e hana ana i kahi keʻena no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ʻuala, biotechnology a me ka ʻenehana mahiʻai (ʻo ke poʻo o ke keʻena ʻo Valentina Ivanovna Kulikova, Ka Moho o ka ʻEpekema Agricultural, Polopeka Hui). ʻO nā wahi nui o ka hana o ke keʻena hana ke koho a me ka hana hua mua o ka ʻuala.
KOHO
ʻO ke kumu o ka hana hoʻoulu ʻuala ʻo ia ke aʻo ʻana a me ke koho ʻana i nā kumu o nā ʻano waiwai e hana ai i nā ʻano like me kahi paʻakikī o nā ʻano waiwai waiwai. No kēia kumu, ʻoi aku ma mua o 150 mau ʻuala mai ka hōʻiliʻili honua o ka All-Russian Institute of Plant Growing (VIR) i aʻo ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Hana ʻia ka hana ma ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano ʻuala e like me ke ʻano piha o ke kaʻina hana hānau ma nā wahi aʻe:
- precocity;
- hua nui;
- ke kū'ē i nā maʻi fungal a me nā maʻi viral;
- kū'ē i ka nematode uala gula;
- kū'ē i ka namu potato Colorado;
- kūpono no ka mahi mechanized;
LYUBAVA - he ʻano mua no ka hoʻohana papaʻaina. He ʻulaʻula ka ʻōpuʻu, he oval-poepoe, he keʻokeʻo ka ʻiʻo. Nā maka o ka hohonu waena. Hiki i ka 55 t/ha. Maikaʻi 90-96%. ʻO ke kaumaha o ka tuber pāʻoihana he 120-220 g. ʻO ka maʻi starch he 12-16%. Kūleʻa i ka ʻuala ʻuala. E pane maikaʻi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu organik a me nā minerala a me ka wai. ʻono maikaʻi. ʻO ka waiwai o nā ʻano like ʻole: he wā dormant lōʻihi, ola mālama kiʻekiʻe, hua kiʻekiʻe o nā ʻuala mua (ʻoi aku ka nui o ka irrigated 60 t/ha).
MAIKAʻI LOA - nā ʻano waena waena no ka hoʻohana papaʻaina. He keʻokeʻo nā ʻōpala, he poepoe-oval, he keʻokeʻo ka pulp. Nā maka o ka hohonu waena. Hiki i ka 60 t/ha. He 100-110 g ka nui o ka tuber kūʻai aku, ʻo 86-91% ka mākeke. ʻO ka nui o ka starch he 13-15%. Kūleʻa kūʻē i ka late blight, scab maʻamau, a me Alternaria. ʻO ka waiwai o nā ʻano like ʻole: hōʻike nāwaliwali ʻia e ka nematode ʻuala gula, he hiki ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka lepo mai ka nematode ʻuala gula, a me kahi manawa dormant lōʻihi.
No ka wikiwiki i ke kaʻina koho a hoʻokomo koke i nā ʻano hou i ka hana ʻana, lawe ʻia ke koho me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano biotechnology (hybridization ma nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe, hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā hybrids hoʻohiki e hoʻohana ana i ka moʻomeheu tissue, hoʻonui i ka vitro propagation, nā diagnostics viral o nā mea hybrid me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā ELISA).
Mai ka makahiki 2016, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka hana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke koho kōkua mākaʻikaʻi, kahi i hoʻoholo ʻia ai ke alo o nā māka DNA o ke kūʻē ʻana i nā pathogens a me nā pests i nā hōʻiliʻili hōʻiliʻili, nā ʻano hou a me nā hybrids hoʻohiki: Y a me X potato viruses, golden potato nematode (Globodera rostochiensis Woll ), pale nematode (Globodera pallida), ka ma'i 'uala (Synchytrium endobioticum).
HANA HUA UALA MAKEMAKE
Hana ʻia ka hua mua me nā ʻano ʻuala i loko o ka State Register of Breeding Achievements no ka ʻumi o ka ʻāina: Nevsky, Lyubava, Tuleevsky, Kuznechanka, Tanay a me Kemerovochanin.
TULEEVSKY - nā ʻano waena waena no ka hoʻohana papaʻaina. He melemele ke kala o nā ʻuala a me ka pulp, ʻo ke ʻano he oval. He papapa na maka. Hiki i ka 48 t/ha. He 122 g ka nui o nā ʻuala kūʻai, ʻo 270-88% ka mākeke. ʻO ka maʻiʻo starch 99-12%. Kūleʻa i ke kanesa. Kūʻē kūʻē i ka late blight, scab, a me alternaria. ʻO ka waiwai o nā ʻano like ʻole: ka ʻono maikaʻi loa, ka ʻono ʻoluʻolu a me ka paʻa ʻana o ka pulp, nā hua paʻa kiʻekiʻe.
ELELE - nā ʻano waena waena no ka hoʻohana papaʻaina. He poepoe-oval ka tuber, pahee, ulaula, keokeo ka io. He pāpaʻu nā maka. ʻO ka maʻiʻo starch 12,5-16,3%. Hiki i ka 46 t/ha. He 140-180 g ka nui o ka tuber kūʻai aku, ʻo 93-97% ka mākeke. Maikaʻi ka ʻono. Kūʻē kūʻē i nā maʻi maʻi, late blight, a me ka scab maʻamau. ʻO ka waiwai o nā ʻano like ʻole: kūpono no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻuala crispy, ua loaʻa ka hua kiʻekiʻe o 104,2 t/ha, nani ke ʻano.
- Hoʻonui ʻia ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā kumu ʻuala olakino e nā ʻoki microclonal i loko o ka moʻomeheu in vitro, a hiki i 5 tausani mau mea kanu i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
- ʻO ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā ʻano like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano meristem apical i hui pū ʻia me ka thermo- a me ka chemotherapy; ʻo ka Bank of Healthy Potato Varieties he 29 mau ʻano.
- Hoʻonui i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā kumu ʻuala olakino ma ka moʻomeheu vivo, a hiki i 11 tausani mea kanu i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
- Loaʻa i nā mea kanu ʻuala mua (minitubers), a hiki i 60 tausani mau ʻuala i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
- ʻO ka hana makahiki a hiki i ka 70,0 tons o nā hua ʻuala o ka hanauna mua a hiki i ka 200,0 tons o ka papa super-super elite.
- ʻO ka hōʻoia ʻana o ka hiki ʻana o ka pathogenesis huna (viruses, bacteria) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano ELISA ma nā pae āpau o ka hoʻihoʻi a me ka hana hou.
ʻO nā mea kanu ʻuala mua i hana ʻia e ka Kemerovo Research Institute of Agriculture ua pālahalaha ʻia ʻaʻole wale ma nā mahiʻai o ka ʻāina ʻo Kemerovo, akā ma nā wahi o Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Amur, Tyumen, Irkutsk, Tver, Ulyanovsk a me Chelyabinsk; ma nā ʻāina ʻo Krasnoyarsk a me Altai; repubalika o Khakassia, Buryatia, Tyva.
Ma ka Kemerovo Research Institute of Agriculture (kahi lālā o ka Siberian Federal Scientific Center o ka Russian Academy of Sciences), ua hana ʻia nā ʻano ʻuala i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ko lākou mau waiwai e ka hua kiʻekiʻe, ka plasticity, a me ka pale ʻana i nā maʻi.
FARMS ADVANCED
I ka hopena o 2017, ʻo Vesna LLC ka alakaʻi o ka hua ma ka ʻāina ʻo Kemerovo (a alakaʻi ʻia e Nikolai Petrovich Safonov), ua loaʻa i ka hui nā hōʻailona o 272,1 c / ha.
ʻO ka wahi mua e pili ana i ka ʻāpana o ka māla ʻuala a me ka nui o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana ua noho ʻia e KDV-Agro LLC no kekahi mau makahiki (kahi o ka KDV Group, ʻo ke poʻo o KDV-Agro ʻo Viktor Vasilyevich Beskorovaev): ma 2017 , mai kahi ʻāpana o 2311 ʻeka, ua ʻohi ka ʻoihana i 60863,9 tons uala.
He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo i ka hana ʻana o KDV Group i ka ʻuala ma aneʻi, ma ka pūnaewele: i ka makahiki 2011, ua kūkulu ʻia kahi hale hana ʻokoʻa me kahi hale mālama e pili ana ma ka ʻāina o KDV Yashkino LLC (kahi ʻoihana ʻē aʻe o ka hui); i ka makahiki 2012, kahi laina hou no ka. ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka hana ʻana o nā chips, kūʻai ʻia ʻehā mau mīkini pahu. ʻO ka nui o nā hoʻopukapuka kālā he 2 billion rubles.
ʻO ka mana hana o ka laina he 8,64 tausani tons i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻO ka hana ʻoihana e pili ana i 60 tausani mau ʻuala i kēlā me kēia makahiki, ʻo ka nui o ka hana i ka makahiki 2015 he 6,404 tausani tons, ma 2016 - 7,301 tausani tons, ma 2017 - 8,17 tausani tons.
Hoʻoikaika ʻo KDV Group i nā pono o ka logistic kūpono: i ka wā e ulu ana, e ʻohi ai, mālama i ka ʻuala a me ka hana ʻana i nā ʻuala i hoʻokahi ʻāina, hoʻemi ʻia nā kumukūʻai o ka halihali.
NA MANAO NO KA HANA HANA MA KA AINA
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā kūlana climatic o ka ʻāina ʻo Kemerovo no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hua kanu a me ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻuala. ʻO nā ʻano ʻano kūpono loa no ka ʻāina he mau ʻano o nā pūʻulu ulu mua, waena a me ka waena waena, me ka wā ulu o 65-80 mau lā.
Kākoʻo ʻia ka hoihoi o ka poʻe mahiʻai i kēia mea kanu e nā kumu waiwai. No laila, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻuala kekahi o nā mea kiʻekiʻe loa i ka hoʻoulu ʻana - e like me ka 2017 data, ʻo kēia helu he +87,2%. Ke ulu nei nā kumukūʻai mākeke no ka ʻuala - e like me nā manaʻo like ʻole, i ka makahiki 2017 ma Rūsia holoʻokoʻa, ua hoʻonui ke kumukūʻai kūʻai ma 9,46-24%. Ma ka ʻāina ʻo Kemerovo, ʻo 13,9% ka ulu ʻana (kemerovostat data).
I ka manawa like, ʻo ka ʻuala kahi waiwai koʻikoʻi nui i ka lehulehu; ʻo kāna waiwai paepae no ka pono ponoʻī i ka ʻōlelo palekana meaʻai o ka Russian Federation i wehewehe ʻia he 95%. I ka hopena o 2017, ua manaʻo ʻia ka lawa ʻana o Russia i ka ʻuala ma 90,7% (ka ʻikepili mai ka Ministry of Agriculture), e hiki ai iā mākou ke wānana i nā kūlana mākeke maikaʻi.
MAI KA MOOLELO
I ka makahiki 1942, ma ka māla hui "Krasny Perekop" ma ka moku Mariinsky o ka ʻāina ʻo Kemerovo, ua loaʻa i ka hui o Anna Kondratievna Yutkina kahi hōʻiliʻili ʻuala o 1331 c/ha.
No kēia hua maikaʻi loa (ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia e kekahi o ka honua), ua hāʻawi ʻia nā mea kanu ʻuala i ka makana Stalin (loaʻa ʻia ʻelima tausani rubles). Ua hoʻoili nā wāhine i kēia kālā holoʻokoʻa i ke kālā pale o ka ʻāina. A ʻo ke alakaʻi, ʻo Anna Kondratyevna Yutkina, i hāʻawi ʻia i ka Order of Lenin. Ma ka lā 20 o Mei, 1948, ma ke kauoha a ka Presidium o ka Soviet Supreme o ka USSR, ua loaʻa iā ia ka inoa o Hero of Socialist Labor.
Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia i ka makahiki 1942, ʻo ka ʻāpana A.K. Ua haki ʻo Yutkina i kāna moʻolelo hua honua. Ma mua, i ka makahiki 1939, ua hōʻiliʻili ka hui like ma ka pā hoʻokolohua o ka mahiʻai hui ʻo Krasny Perekop i 1217,28 keneta o ka ʻuala mai hoʻokahi ʻeka, i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka moʻolelo honua ʻAmelika e noho aliʻi ana e 117,8 keneta. Ua loaʻa iā Anna Kondratyevna Yutkina ka Medal Gold Nui o ka All-Union Agricultural Exhibition, a ua hoʻokomo ʻia kāna loulou i ka puke hanohano.
Ua hoʻomau ka hui o Yutkina i nā hopena maikaʻi, loaʻa ka nui o 700 c/ha o ka ʻuala mai kā lākou māla.
Ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa mau nei ka poʻe ʻepekema i ke kumu o ka lanakila ʻana o ka moʻolelo. Wahi a Sergei Sheshukov, ka luna o ka Historical Mariinsk Museum-Reserve, ma waho aʻe o ka ʻenehana mahiʻai kūʻokoʻa, aia ka mea huna i nā hanana ʻepekema o nā alakaʻi ʻepekema Soviet. I loko o nā makahiki o ka hoʻopaʻi ʻana a Stalin, ʻo Mariinsk ke kikowaena o Siblag.
TANAY - nā ʻano waena waena no ka hoʻohana papaʻaina. He melemele ka ʻōpuʻu, he poepoe-oval, he ʻili iki ka ʻili, he melemele ka ʻiʻo. He mau maka ka hohonu, kakaikahi ka nui. Hiki i ka 63 t/ha. He 100 g ka nui o nā ʻuala kūʻai aku, ʻo 180-92% ka mākeke. Mākaʻikaʻi maʻiʻo 98-13%. Hiki ke maʻalahi i ka late blight a me nā maʻi maʻi. ʻO ka waiwai o nā ʻano like ʻole: kūpaʻa i ka maʻi kanesa a me ka nematode ʻuala gula, kū i ka maloʻo, kū i ka pōʻino mechanical.
KEMEROV NOHO - nā ʻano waena waena no ka hoʻohana papaʻaina. He melemele ka ʻōpuʻu, he poepoe-oval, he ʻili iki ka ʻili, he melemele ka ʻiʻo. Hiki i ka 58 t/ha. ʻO ka maʻiʻo starch 17,5%. He 95 g ke kaumaha o ka mea kūʻai aku, he 19-90%. 'Awelika kū'ē i ka late blight. ʻO ka waiwai o nā ʻano like ʻole: kūpaʻa i ka maʻi kanesa, ka nematode ʻuala gula, nā maʻi virus, Fusarium wilt a me Alternaria, kūpaʻa i ka pōʻino mechanical, ke ola mālama kiʻekiʻe.
MARIINSKY - waena waena, no ka hoʻohana papaʻaina. ʻO ka waihoʻoluʻu o nā pua he ʻulaʻula-violet, ʻulaʻula ka tuber, ʻo ka pulp he cream; He oval ke ano o ka opu, he papapa na maka, a he pahee ka ili. ʻO ka maʻiʻo starch 14-6%. Huahana 35,0-45,0 t/ha. He 80 g ke kaumaha o ka mea kūʻai aku, maikaʻi ka ʻono. Kūleʻa i ka nematode ʻuala gula. Kūʻē kūʻē i nā maʻi maʻi, late blight, a me ka scab maʻamau. Waiwai o nā ʻano like ʻole: hiʻohiʻona nani.
Ua hana nā loea i hoʻopaʻi ʻia mai Moscow a me Leningrad ma ke kahua mahiʻai hoʻokolohua kūloko. Ua hana lākou no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hua elite a hoʻomohala i ka ʻenehana mahiʻai no ka ulu ʻana i nā mea kanu ma nā kūlana Siberian. Ma ka makahiki 1942, aia ma ka moku ʻo Mariinsky nā ʻāpana mana, nā māla ʻai, nā māla berry a me nā māla waina ma kahi o 50,5 mau ʻeka. Me ka wehe ʻana o Siblag i ka makahiki 1960, ua pau ke kahua.
No ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i ka moʻolelo, ua kūkulu ʻia kahi kia hoʻomanaʻo i ka ʻuala ma Mariinsk i ka makahiki 2008. Ua hana ʻia (i kālai ʻia mai ka lāʻau) e ka mea kālai ʻāina ʻo Yuri Mikhailov. Mai ia manawa, hoʻolauleʻa ke kūlanakauhale i ka lā ʻo Potato i kēlā me kēia ʻelua makahiki.