He mana kupaianaha ka heluna kanaka o ka namu potato Colorado e hoʻomohala i ke kū'ē ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau, me ka nui o ka carbamate, organophosphate, pyrethroid, spinosyn, a me neonicotinoid insecticides i hoʻohana nui ʻia i kēia mau lā.
ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha ka hiki ʻana o ka pipi ke hoʻomohala i ke kūʻē ʻana, no ka mea, pono e hoʻololi i kēia pest i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o nā glycoalkaloids ʻona i loko o kāna mau pūʻali Solanaceae. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hoʻomākaukau mua ʻia kēia mau pipi no ka hakakā ʻana i nā toxins o nā ʻano like ʻole.
ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, hoʻohua mai ka Colorado potato beetle i nā hua he nui, kahi e hoʻonui nui ai i ka hiki ke loaʻa nā mutants kūʻokoʻa insecticide. He 50 mau hua no ka meakanu i hoonuiia e 20 mea kanu uala no ka eka e hiki ke hana i hookahi miliona nalo i ka hanauna hookahi wale no. A pinepine, ʻelua a ʻekolu mau hanauna o ka pipi i kēlā me kēia kau.
Ke hoʻohana mua ʻia ka lāʻau insecticide i kahi mea kanu, hiki i kahi helu liʻiliʻi o nā pest target (ma kahi liʻiliʻi paha i loko o 10 miliona) ke ola ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana. Inā ʻaʻohe mea e pepehi iā lākou, e ulu aʻe kekahi mau mutants kūpaʻa. A ʻo ka hapa nui o kā lākou mau keiki e hoʻoili i ka pale ʻana i ka insecticide.
Nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo no ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka pīkī ʻuala Colorado a me ka pale ʻana i ka pale ʻana i ka lāʻau insecticide
ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻuala a me ka hoʻokaʻawale spatial
Hoʻomaka ka hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo i ka lepo i ka mahina ʻuala o ka makahiki i hala a puka mai i ka pūnāwai e hānai, hānai a hoʻohua i nā hua. Puka mai ka larvae mai loko mai o nā hua, hānai no kekahi manawa, a laila hāʻule i ka lepo e pupa a hoʻomaka hou i ka pōʻai. ʻO ka waiho ʻana i nā ʻuala o kēia makahiki ma kahi mamao loa mai ka makahiki aku nei he mea paʻakikī i ka nalo ke loaʻa ka ʻai ke puka mai.
ʻAi wale nā pīkī i nā mea kanu nightshade a me nā mauʻu a ʻaʻole hele lōʻihi. No ka hana ʻana o kēia hoʻolālā, e hoʻokaʻawale i nā māla ma kahi o 0,25 mau mile.
Kapu ʻōlelo aʻo
E pōʻino kekahi mau lāʻau lāʻau insecticides inā ʻawaʻawa loa ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (e laʻa me spinosad, spinetoram). Hoʻomaka nā poʻe ʻē aʻe e pōʻino inā he alkaline ka hopena (e laʻa me phosmet). ʻAʻole pono e hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau lāʻau insecticides me nā adjuvants (e laʻa, abamectin a me thiamethoxam).
Nā ʻanuʻu o ka ulu ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana
Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokō i kahi lapaʻau insecticidal ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi inā e kali ʻoe i ka ʻike ʻana o nā larvae. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hapa nui o nā insecticides e kūʻē i nā larvae liʻiliʻi hou. Manaʻo ʻia e hānai i nā lau i ka wā e puka ana ka 50%. E hoʻohana i ka nui piha (dosage) o ka insecticide i helu ʻia ma ka lepili no nā hopena maikaʻi loa.
Hoʻololi i nā insecticides me nā ʻano hana like ʻole
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i hoʻokahi insecticide (a i ʻole nā insecticides he nui me ka hana like o ka hana) hiki ke alakaʻi koke i ke kūʻē ʻana a i ʻole ke kūʻē kūʻē ʻana i ka heluna kanaka pipi ʻuala Colorado. Pono e hoʻololi i nā insecticides mai nā hui like ʻole me kēlā me kēia noi. Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e pepehi i nā mutants kūpaʻa me hoʻokahi, hiki paha iā ʻoe ke hoʻomalu iā lākou me ka hoʻohana hope ʻana o kahi insecticide ʻokoʻa loa.
neonicotinoid insecticides
He nui nā mea kanu ʻuala e hōʻike i ka mana maikaʻi loa o ka namu ʻuala Colorado ke hoʻohana lākou i nā neonicotinoids (IRAC group 4) i ke kanu ʻana a i ʻole ka puʻu. Ua ʻike ʻia e hāʻawi i 80 a 100 mau lā o ke koena mana. Akā ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i nā insecticides lōʻihi i ka lau hiki ke hana i nā kaomi koho ikaika no ke kū'ē. Nui nā kānaka kū'ē i ka neonicotinoid ma ka Hikina a me Midwest.
Diapause lōʻihi
Ke pale aku nei kekahi mau heluna kanaka o ka Colorado potato beetle i ka ʻike ʻana i nā insecticides ma o ka noho lōʻihi ʻana ma lalo o ka lepo a hoʻopaneʻe i ko lākou ulu ʻana. Kapa ʻia kēia hoʻolālā kūʻē ʻana i ka diapause lōʻihi. He kumu ʻē aʻe kēia e nānā pono ai i ka nui o nā pipi ma nā māla ʻuala. Hiki iā ʻoe ke kāpī wale i ka wā e loaʻa ai nā pests a ʻaʻole e pīpī e like me ka kalena.
ʻO Carrie Huffman Wohleb ka mea kākau o kēia ʻatikala, he kumu aʻoaʻo o ka ʻuala, nā mea kanu, a me nā hua kanu ma ke Kulanui o Wakinekona.