ʻO ka ʻenehana o ka noi ʻana i kahi māla uila pulsed (ma kēia hope aku - PEF) i hoʻohana kūleʻa ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā meaʻai ʻuala mai ka makahiki 2010. Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia ʻenehana i ka hana ʻana i nā fries a me nā ʻāpana Palani. ʻO ka hoʻokō kūleʻa o ka lako pono ʻo PEF no ka hana mau ʻana o kaʻuala i ka ʻoihana meaʻai he mau pono he nui e pili ana i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā mea maka, ka hana a me ka maikaʻi o ka huahana.
Ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, hoʻololi ka ʻenehana PEF i ka hoʻomehana wela maʻamau o kaʻuala e hoʻohana ana i ka 90% ʻoi aku ka wai a me ka ikehu. Kōkua kēia ʻenehana i ka palupalu i nā mea maka, i ʻae ʻia no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana a me ka hana ʻana o kaʻuala. ʻO kahi ʻoki maʻalahi me ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻino, nā haki, nā ʻōpala liʻiliʻi a me nā pohō o ka starch i hopena i nā hua kiʻekiʻe i hoʻopau ʻia, ka liʻiliʻi o ka lawe ʻana o ka aila a me ke ola pahi lōʻihi ʻO ka maikaʻi o ka diffusion o ka wai mai ka PEF o kaʻuala i mālama ʻia e hoʻonui ai i ke kaʻina blanching, drying and frying, kahi e kōkua ai e hōʻemi i ka ikehu a me nā koina hana. ʻO nā kīʻaha Palani a me nā ʻāpana i hana ʻia me PEF ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe a me ke olakino, me ka hapa haʻahaʻa o ka momona momona a me ke kala like like.
ʻO ke kumu o ka hana ʻana i ka mālam uila PEF
ʻO nā haʻawina mua e hoʻohana ana i ka ʻenehana PEF e nā hui noiʻi like ʻole i lawe ʻia i nā makahiki mua 1900. Eia nō naʻe, i ka hoʻomaka o ka millennium hou, ua hoʻomohala ʻia a hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻōnaehana PEF ʻoihana mua i kahi kanu hana ʻuala. Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻōnaehana ʻoi aku ma mua o 150 Elea PEF i ka ʻoihana meaʻai, ka hapa nui o ia mau mea i hoʻouka ʻia i ka hana ʻana o nā kīʻaha Palani a me nā ʻāpana.
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻenehana uila uila i hoʻoili ʻia i ke kumu o ka electroporation (Figure 1). Ma muli o nā kumumanaʻo o ke kino, i ka wā o ka hana ʻana o ka PEF, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā pulse uila pōkole o ke kiʻekiʻena uila, kahi e hāpai ai i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā pores ma ka membrane pūnaewele me ka ʻole e hōʻino i nā mea waiwai ʻē aʻe e like me nā wikamina, nā minelala a me nā pigment Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia kēia ʻenehana i nā holoholona a i ʻole nā mea kanu a hiki i nā microorganism. Hoʻopuni ʻia nā pūnaewele ola āpau e kahi membrane pūnaewele semi-permeable, kahi o ka phospholipids me nā waiwai dielectric. ʻO ka noi ʻana o kahi māla uila o waho e alakaʻi i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka uku ma ka membrane pūnaewele a hoʻonui i ka hiki i kona kūlohelohe, ka mea hiki ke kapa ʻia ʻo transmembrane. ʻO kēia ke kumu o ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi uila o ka membrane pūnaewele a, ma ke ʻano he hopena, alakaʻi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā pores.
Ma muli o ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā pores ma nā hunaola mea kanu (ʻo kahi laʻana, nā huna ʻuala), i ka wā o ka hana ʻana o ka PEF, ua nalowale ko lākou puʻuwai intracellular (turgor), kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka palupalu ʻana o nā mea a me ka ʻoki maʻalahi a me ka maikaʻi o ka oki ʻana i nā mea kanu. Hoʻohui ʻia, electroporation o ke kūkulu ʻōnaehana i nā hopena i ka hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻana o ka lehulehu, kahi e hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ai nā hana ʻoihana e like me ka holoi ʻana, ka blanching ʻana a me ka palai hohonu ʻana.
ʻO ka maʻamau, ua hoʻohana ka ʻoihana ʻuala i ka preheating thermal (preheating blanching) e hōʻoia i nā ʻoki maikaʻi, kahi e hoʻomehana ai i kaʻuala i 65 ° C no 45 mau minuke. Pono kēia hana i ka nui o ka wai a me ka ikehu. Pono e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia ʻo ka hoʻolei ʻia ʻana o ka wai microbiologically inseminated me ka starch he pilikia pinepine. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hoʻopiha a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka wai mai ka mea hoʻomehana he manawa lōʻihi ka lōʻihi a koi i ka mālama hope. He paʻakikī loa kēia me nā loli o ka huahana a me nā pani pani laina hana ʻole i hoʻolālā ʻole ʻia, kahi hopena pinepine i ka hoʻolilo ʻana i nā mea maka.
Pono e ʻōlelo ʻia i ka hana ʻana o nā kīʻaha Palani, ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka ʻenehana hana PEF ma mua o ka ʻoki ʻana i nā mea maka i lilo i kūlana honua. Hoʻololi ka ʻenehana PEF i ke kaʻina hana hoʻomehana pumehana, no laila e hoʻoliʻiliʻi ana i ka wai a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka ikehu a hiki i 90%. Ma ka hana ʻana o ka PEF, ʻaʻole hoʻomehana ʻia ka huahana a me ka wai hana, ʻo ia hoʻi he mea liʻiliʻi nā microorganism a me nā starch i ke ʻano o ke kaʻina. Lawe ka hana maoli i kekahi mau microseconds a, ke kaukaʻi ʻia i ka hiki i ka laina, aia kaʻuala i ka ʻōnaehana PEF no 5-8 kekona wale nō. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā māla uila pulsed kekahi mau pono ʻē aʻe. No ka mea ke hana nui nei kēia hana, ʻo nā ʻuala - nui a liʻiliʻi paha - e hana kaulike ʻia E hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma mua, ma hope o ka hoʻomehana wela, ua hoʻomoʻa mua ʻia kaʻuala liʻiliʻi, ʻoiai ʻo kaʻuala nui paʻa paʻa i loko. Ma muli o ka palupalu like ʻana, loaʻa kahi ʻoki kūlike; ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi a me ka haki ʻana o nā fries french fries maka, e hopena ana i kahi hua kiʻekiʻe o ka huahana hope loa. ʻO ka lawe ʻia ʻana o ka aila i hoʻemi ʻia (ma kahi o 10%) i ka wā o ka palai ʻana e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka momona o ka huahana hope loa. Hoʻohui, hoʻonui i ka maʻalahi a me kahi pae maʻalahi e hopena i nā lāʻau french fries lōʻihi a me ke kala like me nā mea ʻē aʻe he nui i ka puka.
I ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana, like nā pōmaikaʻi me nā mea i ka hana ʻana i nā fries Farani, akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka huahana hope loa. Hoʻonui maikaʻi ʻia ka ʻoki ʻana, e hopena ana i ka liʻiliʻi o nā mea maka a me ka make ʻana o ka starch i ka wā e ʻoki ana, a laila e alakaʻi i kahi hoʻonui nui o ka hua. ʻO ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nalo o ka starch ka hopena o ka maʻalahi o ka ʻokiʻoki i nā kōpulu palupalu. ʻO kēia, ke alakaʻi aku nei i ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka mīkini i nā pahi a, a ʻo kahi hopena, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kahe ʻana o ka starch mai luna. Hoʻohui, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā ʻāpana i ka wā o ka palai ʻana, hoʻopau i ka pono no ka hōʻole ʻana i ka huahana. Ke hana ʻo PEF i kālua ʻia i nā mea maka no ka ʻāpana, aia kahi hōʻemi o ka ʻike momona - a hiki i 20% i ka huahana hope loa, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia e pili ana kēia hōʻemi i ka ʻoki ʻana, ka maikaʻi o nā mea maka a me ka hana kāwili ʻana iā ia iho. He mea nui ka hope i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka huahana. ʻO ka hanana pūnaewele paʻa o nā mea maka a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka wai e hiki ai ke hoʻonui ʻia nā palai e like me ka mahana o ka aila a me ka manawa frying. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka maikaʻi o ke kaʻina hana hohonu i ka hopena i ka ola aila a me ka lawe ʻana o ka aila o ka huahana, a me ke kala a me ka crunchiness o ka huahana hope loa. ʻO ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka manawa a me ka mahana o ka palai e ʻae ai i kahi huahana māmā me nā huahana thermochemical react. ʻO kēia kahi pōmaikaʻi maikaʻi loa no nā ʻōpala mea kanu e like me ka ʻuala, kāloti, nā pāʻakai, a me nā beets ʻulaʻula.
Eia hou, ʻo ka palupalu o ka huahana maka e wehe i nā mea hou no ka ʻoki ʻana i nā huahana. I kēia manawa, i ka hana ʻana o nā kīʻaha Palani, hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia nā ʻano e like me ka spiral, waffle a i ʻole wavy, me ka hoʻemi liʻiliʻi loa ʻana i nā mea maka. Ke wehe ʻia nei nā mea ʻē aʻe i ʻoi aku i ka ʻoihana ʻuala, ʻoiai ʻo nā mea kanu ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī e like me ka ʻuala, nā pāʻakai a i ʻole nā ʻulaʻula beet hiki ke hana ʻia i kēia manawa. No laila, ʻike ʻia nā ʻano huahana he nui aku no ka mea kūʻai, hoʻonui ka hoʻokūkū, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana ʻana o nā ʻano a me / a i ʻole nā huahana.
Ka Hopena Hoʻopilikia i ke Kaiapuni PEF ke hana ʻuala
Ka ʻikepili ʻana i ka hopena o ke kaiapuni (ma hope - EIA) e ʻae i ka hopena o ka hana ʻana i ke kaiapuni mai nā mea maka i ka huahana hope loa. Ua mālama ʻia kahi noiʻi EIA no ka hoʻohana ʻana o PEF i ka hana ʻuala ma kahi pālākiō ʻoihana e hoʻohana ana i ka ʻikepili hoʻohālikelike mai nā mea kūʻai aku ʻo Elea a puni ka honua, a ua hōʻike ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mehana mehana me nā lako PEF hiki ke hoʻemi i ka hoʻohana ikehu e 85% a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka wai e 90%. e like me 60 - 70 liters o ka wai a me 000 GJ o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu wela i kēlā me kēia makahiki no kahi laina hana French fries hana maʻamau o 000 kg / h. Eia kekahi, ke emi nei ka momona o ka momona, kahi huahana huahana i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia a me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka huahana huahana e 20-50 , 000%. Ma waho aʻe o nā pono kūpono o ka PEF e pili ana i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka huahana a i ʻole ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā kaʻina hana o kēlā me kēia, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me ka hoʻomau o ke kaʻina hana. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana o PEF i kahi laina hana hoʻomau no nā ʻāpana nui maʻamau e hoʻonui ai i ka huahana hope loa e 1 tonnes a hoʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka aila e 1,5 tonnes. Hoʻoemi kēia i ke kumuwaiwai a me ka wai e pono ai no ka hana ʻana, a me ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi hou ʻana i nā kumukūʻai me ka hāʻawi ʻana. ʻoihana ʻoihana ʻoi aʻe. Me ka hoʻonohonoho honua Elea PEF ʻōnaehana i ka ʻoihana ʻuala i kēia lā, 67 kWh o ka ikehu, 174 kg o ka like o CO ke mālama ʻia ma kahi o kēlā me kēia kekona.2 a me 138 liters o ka wai.
Nā ʻōnaehana PEF no ka ʻoihana ʻuala
Hāʻawi ʻo Elea i kahi pae o nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoili PEF i nā nui like ʻole me nā mana ʻokoʻa no nā french fries a me nā laina chips. Hoʻohui ʻia, ʻo kēlā me kēia ʻōnaehana PEF i hana ʻia e Elea hiki ke hoʻolālā a kūkulu ʻia e like me nā koi kikoʻī āpau.
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻōnaehana āpau 24/7 a hoʻolālā ʻia e hana i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi. Mahalo i kā lākou manawa hana pōkole ma lalo o 10 kekona a me kā lākou nui paʻa, maʻalahi nā ʻōnaehana Elea PEF e hoʻohui i nā laina hana i kēia manawa. Hana piha ʻia nā ʻōnaehana PEF a hiki ke kālele pololei ʻia mai ka laina hana a i ʻole mamao mai kahi keʻena kikowaena. Hiki ke nānā a hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā palena o ke kaʻina hana āpau. No ka mea ʻo PEF ke kūlana maʻamau i ka hana ʻana i nā french fries, ke hoʻonui mau nei ke kahua ʻōnaehana, e ʻae ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā mea maʻamau a me nā ʻāpana hoʻokoe i ka waihona. Me nā hoa a puni ka honua a me nā pono lawelawe mamao, nā lawelawe kākoʻo ʻenehana i hoʻolaʻa ʻia e mālama pono i ka manawa, XNUMX/XNUMX kākoʻo a me ka maluhia o ka noʻonoʻo.
ʻO nā ʻōnaehana Elea no ka hana PEF maʻa mau o ka mīkini hana lāʻau ikiʻai a me kahi ʻenehana hana. No ka hana ʻana i nā huahana paʻa e like me ka uala, ʻo ka ʻāpana hana kahi kāʻei lawe lawe kūikawā. ʻO ka hana maʻamau o nā ʻōnaehana PEF i ka hana ʻana o nā ʻāpana mai 1 a 6 t / h, a i ke kaʻina ʻana o nā french fries, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ka laina ma 10-60 t / h.
Loaʻa ka ʻElea PEF Advantage Belt i ʻehā mau hiʻohiʻona: PEF Advantage B 1, 10, 100 a me 1000, hiki ke mālama ʻia mai 1 t / h a 60 t / h.
ʻOi aku no nā laina hana liʻiliʻi o nā ʻāpana a mākou i hoʻomohala ai i nā pūnaewele PEF Elea PEF Advantage B 1 a me B1 hiki ke hana a hiki i 6 t / h o nā mea maka (Fig 6).
ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka ʻai o ka ʻōnaehana Elea PEF (1 kWh o ke ton o ka hānai), e ʻae ai i nā kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa. ʻOiaʻiʻo, hele mai ka hoʻokō ʻo PEF me ka hoʻolilo kālā ʻana a me nā kumu kūʻai. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana PEF he 30 a ʻoi i ka hana ʻana o nā puʻupuʻu i hōʻike i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o ka hoʻopukapuka i loko o kahi manawa pōkole, ke kau ʻana i hoʻokahi a ʻelua mau makahiki, mahalo i ka mālama kālā ʻana i nā koina hana a me nā pono e pili ana i ka huahana e like me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā hua, ka hapa liʻiliʻi a hoʻemi ʻia momona momona.
Ma ka laulaha, pili i ka ʻenehana PEF ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka maikaʻi o nā mea maka a me nā kaʻina optimizing ma ke kaulahao hana holoʻokoʻa, nā mea e pōmaikaʻi ai ka mea hana, ka mea kūʻai aku a me ke kaiapuni.
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBLI0TxNpcw
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