Nā lakohana a me nā helu ʻai
ʻO Mikhail Evgenievich DANILOV, Luna Hoʻokele o Avgusta no ke kūʻai aku ʻana a me ke kūʻai aku ʻana, hoʻomau i kāna moʻolelo e pili ana i ka mana o nā ʻano like ʻole i ka hopena o nā pesticides. Ua kūkākūkā nā paʻi o mua i ka hopena o ka maikaʻi o ka wai a me nā kūlana o ke aniau i ka hana ʻehu a me nā hana droplet i ka wā e pīpī ana. I kēia manawa e kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i nā pono hana e hoʻohana ai i nā pesticides.
No ka hapa nui o nā mea kanu, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kahi mea paila boom. ʻO kēia ka "mea kaua" mai a mākou e paʻi pololei ai i ka pahu hopu a i ka manawa, a i ʻole e nalo mākou. A no laila, hilinaʻi ka hopena o nā pesticides i kona mau ʻano a me ke kūlana o ka hoʻohana.
KA Hoʻomākaukau o ka hoʻoponopono
ʻO ka pae mua o ka sprayer, ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka lapaʻau maoli, ʻo ia ka hoʻomākaukau o ka hopena hana. A ʻo kā mākou hana ka hana ʻana i ka hopena hana i kaʻana like o ka hoʻomākaukau ma loko o kāna nui, ʻaʻole e hōʻiliʻili i nā wahi stagnant o ka sprayer, ʻaʻole ia e hana i ka ua a i ʻole nā clots o ka emulsion inverse, a pēlā aku.
ʻO ka huaʻōlelo nui i ka wehewehe ʻana o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka hopena hana ʻo ia ka "ke holo nei ka mea kāwili (huli)" i nā ʻano like ʻole (hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ka mea kāwili ʻia me he "mechanical", "hydraulic", "hana maikaʻi" a i ʻole "hana mau").
I kēia mau lā, ua hoʻololi hou ʻia nāʻauwaʻa sprayers i nā mahiʻai he nui, akā naʻe, ʻo kā lākou ʻokoʻa e pili ana i ka maikaʻi o ka maikaʻi. A i kaʻu hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana, ua hālāwai au me nā sprayers (ʻaʻole wau e hoʻolaha i ka hoʻolaha a i ʻole anti-hoʻolaha i kekahi), kahi e hoʻomaka ai kahi mīkini agitator e hana wale ke neʻe ka mea sprayer, a no laila ke kaʻina hana no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i kahi hopena "me ka agitator huli" ʻaʻole hiki. I mea e hōʻemi ai i ka sedimentation o nā lāʻau hōʻemi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia (i ke ʻano o SP a i ʻole WDH, no ka laʻana), i nā ʻano kūpono ke hoʻomākaukau i ka rama makuahine.
Hoʻohui ʻia, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia ke hoʻohui ʻia kahi sprayer like i ka pahu wai, nui nā lāʻau, no ka nui o lākou, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka wai, e poho i lalo. A ʻo kēia, i ka hihia o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o nā hui wai pahu, hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi sediment hiki ʻole ke hoʻonā ʻia. ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe hope o ka hāmeʻa i lilo i hana paʻakikī loa. Ma kekahi ʻano ua nānā pono wau i ka ʻeha me kahi sprayer i ka wā e hoʻāʻo nei e hana i kahi pahu wai o ka "ʻAukake" Tornado a me Herbitox: ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻonāuki ʻia ka "pōhaku" i ka lalo o ka sprayer me kahi mea hoʻonāukiuki e huli wale i ka wā e hoʻokele.
He mea nui e hoʻomanaʻo i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i kahi hopena hana, ʻo ka nui (ʻokoʻa ka makemakika) kaukaʻi ʻia i ka permutation o nā huaʻōlelo i ka hoʻohālikelike. ʻO kahi laʻana, nui nā formulated i ke ʻano o nā emulsion concentrates (EC) e hana i kahi emulsion inverse i kapa ʻia. Mālama wale, ke hoʻohui mākou i kahi lāʻau i ka wai, a laila hoʻokumu ʻia nā droplets liʻiliʻi o ka formulate i ka wai - kahi emuliona a mākou e ʻimi nei e loaʻa, akā inā ʻoe e ninini i ka wai i loko o ka lāʻau, a laila loaʻa iā ʻoe nā kulu wai liʻiliʻi i ka lāʻau, ʻo ia hoʻi, kahi emulsion huli. Hiki iā ia ke mānoanoa a paʻa paʻa a hiki ke paʻakikī loa i ka emulsify ma o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka wai a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana. Eia kekahi, hele pū kēia hana me ka clogging o nā mea āpau a me nā mea āpau i ka sprayer me nā ʻōlelo like o nā mīkini mīkini a me nā agronomists i nā mea hoʻomohala. Pono e hoʻomanaʻo i ka makaʻu o "emulsions inverse", ʻo ka ʻano o nā sprayer me nā ʻano hana hoʻouka like ʻole hiki ke alakaʻi i nā pūʻiwa maikaʻi ʻole.
Ke hoʻomau nei i ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka nui o nā loli mai ka permutation o nā huaʻōlelo, pono e hoʻomākaukau i nā hui pahu pahu o nā lāʻau i ke kaʻina (ma ke ʻano he rula, mai ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia), e like me ka ʻōlelo a nā mea hana, e hoʻohui ana i kēlā me kēia lāʻau ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka mea ma mua. ʻO ka lāʻau wale nō a i ʻole kāna hopena waihona e hoʻopiha ʻia ma o ka pahu mua, akā ʻaʻole ka wai. A i mea e hōʻemi ai i ka hiki i nā "pūʻiwa" i ka sprayer, pono e nānā mua i nā pesticides no ka launa ʻana (ʻoiai ke pili i nā huahana mai nā mea hana like ʻole a me nā hui like ʻole āu e ʻike ʻole ai.
KE KUMU PALAPALA
Manaʻo mākou i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pīpī ʻana, ʻo nā ʻano hana a pau o ka sprayer, mai ka pauma, nā paipu, nā kānana a pololei i nā nozzles ʻehu, ua maikaʻi, mālama ʻia ke kaomi o ka ʻōnaehana i ka pae i makemake ʻia, ʻaʻohe mea e kahe, a ʻo ka pālahalaha ʻana o ka wai kahe i nā nozzles ʻehu i ka wā o ka hoʻāʻo ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 10. %. Inā hoʻomaʻemaʻe mua ʻia nā nozzles me ka awl, kahi ʻāpana a i ʻole kahi palaki metala a hiki i kekahi ke moemoeā o 10% pālahalaha a me kahi ʻehu like, a laila ua hoʻololi ʻia lākou me nā mea lawelawe sprayers.
He aha ka hana inā e nānā ʻole ʻoe i nā mea hoʻopili? I ka manawa i loaʻa iā mākou nā nīnau mai kahi mea kūʻai aku e pili ana i ka hopena ikaika o ka lāʻau make Lapis Lazuli ma ka bale i lūlū ʻia ma hope o kaʻuala. Ua hōʻea mākou i kēlā wahi, a me he mea lā ua kāhili ʻia ka māla me kahi pūlima me nā niho launa ʻole, a me kēlā me kēia mika me kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ka honua hakahaka me ka ʻole o nā mea kanu. A ma kahi kokoke kahi sprayer "hana lima" me nā nozzles uila haʻahaʻa, ʻo kēlā me kēia mea e hoʻopuka nei ʻaʻole wale i kahi "ao" o ka ʻehu, akā ʻo kahi trickle hoʻi o ka hopena hana. Ua hoʻololi ʻia ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia sprayer i kahi māla potato e like me ka makahiki i hala. A ʻo ia nō, hoʻolauna i ka metribuzin maʻamau no kēlā me kēia noke i nā manawa he ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā rula āpau. ʻO ia ke kumu i lilo ai ka bale i "kāwili ʻia".
KOHO ANA O NOZZLES
Hōʻike mau nā palapala hoʻopaʻa inoa no nā pesticide i ka helu o ka noi o ka wai hana i kēlā me kēia hectare no kahi hua i hāʻawi ʻia. Hiki iā ia ke lele ākea ma muli o ka lāʻau, kona ʻano hana, ka wahi nui o ka mea pahuhopu ma ka ʻikepili o ka nui vegetative, ka lahilahi maʻamau o kona canopy, a pēlā aku. Ma muli o nā peculiarities o ke kaʻina hoʻopaʻa inoa ma ka Russian Federation, no ka hapa nui o nā mea hana a me nā pesticides, hoʻomaka mau kēia mau maʻamau mai 200 l / ha. A no ka hoʻomākaukau hoʻomākaukau, hoʻopau lākou me nā lula he nui o nā ʻano nui - 400 l / ha, a no kekahi mau mea kanu kiʻekiʻe lōʻihi hiki ke ʻoi aku ma mua o 1000 l / ha.
Loaʻa ka helu noi mai ka caliber (ka nui) o ka sprayer, ka mamao ma waena o nā nozzles ʻehu ma ka paila, ke kaomi hana, a me ka helu ehu. Ma muli o nā kūlana ISO e kū nei, maopopo ka helu o ka nozzles i ke kumu o ke kahe o ka nozzle i nā galani US i kēlā me kēia minuke ma 40 psi e hana ana i ke kaomi. ʻO kēia ka puka o ka caliber 01 i waho o nā 0,1 galani US (hoʻokahi galani e like me 3,785 liters) ma ka pahu 2,8. ʻO Caliber 02, 03 a 04 paha ʻo ia ka 0,2, 0,3, a i ʻole 0,4 gpm ma ka pā 2,8. Pena ʻia nā Sprayers o ka caliber like i nā kala like e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka huikau.
Akā, ʻaʻole pono e luʻu i loko o kēia kikoʻī makemakika a me nā kikoʻī galona-lb-ʻīniha. Ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā helu helu kaulike no ke koho ʻana o nā nozzles i nā polokalamu kelepona o nā mea hana pesticide he nui (e laʻa me ka polokalamu kelepona ʻo "Augusta"), nā sprayers a i ʻole nā sprayers i hiki ke hoʻoiho ʻia mai ka Google Play a me App Store. A i loko o ia mau mea hiki ke helu ʻia nā mea āpau ma muli o nā kilomita, mika a me nā lita a mākou e maʻa ai. I ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi papahana e like me ka koi e pono ai no ka hopena hana ma ka hectare, ka mamao ma waena o nā nozzles o ka sprayer a me ka wikiwiki o kāna neʻe ʻana, loaʻa iā mākou kahi o nā nozzles hiki.
ʻO kahi ʻano nui o ka atomizer ka nui o ke kulu e hana ai. E hoʻomanaʻo iki wau i nā papa droplet e like me ke kūlana ISO 25358: VF / maikaʻi loa - maikaʻi loa; F / maikaʻi - maikaʻi; M / waena - waena; C / coarse - nui; VC / coarse loa - nui loa; XC / nui ka mānoanoa loa ka coarse a ʻo UC / Ultra coarse he ultra coarse. Hiki ke loaʻa kahi wehewehe kikoʻī o nā papa (ma English wale nō) i ka papa kuhikuhi Lechler hou: www.lechler.com/fileadmin/media/kataloge/pdfs/agrar/EN/lechler_agriculture_catalogue_2020_en.pdf.
ʻO ka maikaʻi o ka hana ʻana, e like me kā mākou i kākau ai ma mua, ua hoʻohuli nui ʻia e ke anilā - ʻo ka mea mua, ka mahana a me ka wela o ka lewa, a me ka wikiwiki o ka makani. I ka manawa like, pili kēia mau mea i ka maikaʻi o ka pīpī ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole, kaukaʻi ʻia i nā ʻano o nā nozzles (ka nui o ke kulu a lākou e hana ai) a me ka helu noi. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻolei liʻiliʻi ʻana i nā kūlana o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe, nā mahana mahana a me ka makani e alakaʻi i kahi uhi piha o ka papa i mālama ʻia, he mea nui loa ia no ka hoʻopili ʻana a me nā hoʻomākaukau ʻōnaehana kūloko. Akā i ka helu ʻai like, akā i ka wā maloʻo, wela a me ka makani, e hiki ke maloʻo a heʻe i nā mahina kokoke, no laila, i nā ʻano pēlā, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka noi droplet coarse (ʻo ia hoʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā nozzles injection, kahi e hoʻēmi ai i ka maka o ka hāʻule ʻana o nā droplets i ka papa i mālama ʻia. ... I kēia manawa ua lilo ke kolo i ʻano nui, a ʻo nā droplets ma lalo o 150 microns i ka nui e heʻe loa ia, kahi e hiki ai i ka make o nā mea kanu pili. Ma loko o ke kiʻina o kēia ʻatikala pōkole, ʻaʻole hiki ke wehewehe i nā ʻano āpau a me nā hiʻohiʻona o nā nozzles ʻehu. Nā ʻano kikoʻī o nā nozzles kikoʻī, e pili ana i kā lākou nui (caliber), ke ʻano o ka ʻehu a lākou i hana ai, ka droplet size, drift hazard, kūpono no nā ʻōnaehana a i ʻole ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā pesticides, a me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo nui e pili ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka paila sprayer ma luna o ka mea e mālama ʻia ana, kaukaʻi ʻia i ke kihi o ke ʻano o ka spray. aʻo nā mamao ma waena o nā nozzles i nā pono o nā ʻoihana "Lechler" a me "TeeJet". E nānā pono ʻia kēia ʻike ma nā pūnaewele www.lechler.com/fileadmin/media/kataloge/pdfs/agrar/RU/lechler_agrar_broschuere_feldbau_ru.pdf и www.teejet.com/ru/spray_application/nozzles.aspx
Aia kekahi mau papahana no ke koho ʻana i nā nozzles e noʻonoʻo ai i nā ʻano anilā. ʻO kēia, no ka laʻana, ka polokalamu kelepona paʻa ʻo Jacto Smart Selector mai kekahi o nā alakaʻi o ka honua i ka hana ʻana i nā sprayers - ka hui Jacto, i loaʻa pū kekahi no ka hoʻouka ʻana ma Google Play a i ʻole App Store. Ma waho aʻe o ke anilā, noʻonoʻo pū kēia polokalamu i nā ʻano o ka pesticide - lāʻau hoʻomake / mea make / mea hoʻomake a me nā ʻōnaehana / hoʻopili / lepo.
ʻO kekahi palapala noi lawe lima hoihoi e hoʻomohala ʻia e ka ʻOihana Hoʻolālā a me ʻAi o Western Australia i kapa ʻia ʻo "SnapCard" https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13593-015-0309-y... Hoʻomaulia ia i ka lākiō lākiō lākiō (me nā hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike hoʻokolohua, ʻoiaʻiʻo) ke kaukaʻi ʻia i nā kūlana manawa no ʻekolu mau calibers (02, 03, 04) a me ʻehā mau ʻano noz no TeeJet - TT, TP, XK a me AIXR. Hāʻawi pū ka papahana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pepa wai ʻike ʻole ʻia e ka wai: e ke kiʻi ʻana iā ia me ke kelepona uila, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻoholo i ka pākēneka o ka uhi honua me kahi hopena hana.
Hiki i nā ʻenehana ʻimi noiʻi ke hoʻohana i ka pepa ʻike wai e hoʻohālikelike i ka uhi i helu ʻia me nā hopena maoli e hoʻoholo ai i ke ʻano o ka hoʻokokoke ʻana o Western Australia me nā kūlana kūloko.
E hana hou: he nui nā mea pili i ka pīpī ʻana. Aia i waena o lākou ka helu kahe o ka hopena hana, ke ʻano o ka nīʻī (kaomi hana, ka pāʻūʻū, ka nui o nā droplet a me nā ʻano, ke kihi o ka hoʻouka ʻana), ka mamao ma waena o nā nozzles, a me ke kiʻekiʻe boom. ʻO ka mahana, ka mahana, kaomi o ka ea, ka wikiwiki o ka makani a me ka wikiwiki o ka huakaʻi sprayer mea nui. ʻO ka mea nui ka mānoanoa o ka nui vegetative, kahi o ka mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ke kihi o ka piʻina o ka ʻili i mālama ʻia i ka honua, nā waiwai o ka ʻili i mālama ʻia. Mai poina e pili ana i ka noʻonoʻo, ka ʻilikai o ka ʻilikai, ka viscosity o ka hopena hana, a pēlā aku. I ka manawa like, hana nā mea he nui i nā ʻaoʻao ʻokoʻa, a no nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka hana o ka sprayer "go" a i ʻole ka hua hoʻohui o ka pono a i ʻole ka lawe. Hoʻohui ʻia, pono e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia i ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o nā ʻano hui pahu wai hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka hoʻohuihui i ka hopena hana o nā mea hana wale nō, akā me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe a me nā adjuvants, i hiki ke kumu i ka phytotoxicity.
Aia i hea ka maʻamau?
Hana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua he nui e nā hui kūʻokoʻa a hilinaʻi hoʻi i nā mea hana a ʻenehana a i ʻole nā pesticides, ʻaʻole hāʻawi pinepine i kahi pane ʻano ʻole ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke aupuni. Kaukaʻi nui ʻia i nā kūlana anilā kikoʻī, ke kahua a i ʻole kekelē o ka ulu / nāhelehele / pest / maʻi ulu. ʻO ka hopena, i hoʻokahi kau hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i kahi ʻokoʻa nui i ka pono o ka pīpī ʻana ma 100 a me 150 l / ha, a i kekahi ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o 25 a 200 l / ha.
He aha ka mea e hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo e pili ana i ka ʻike pilikino o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā agronomists? E hū aʻe kekahi ma ka waha e hōʻoia i ka holo nui ʻana o kekahi lāʻau i ka 25 l / ha (ua ʻōlelo kekahi akamai Palani e hana mau ʻo ia i kēia), a ʻo kekahi me ka ʻāpana like e haʻi i kahi moʻolelo e pili ana i ka wela a me ka maloʻo. puhi ʻia ka palaoa hoʻoilo me kahi sprayer droplet liʻiliʻi me kahi hui o nā hoʻomākaukau i hoʻokumu ʻia ma 2,4-D, florasulam, propiconazole me cyproconazole a me lambda-cyhalothrin. A e kūpono nā mea ʻelua, no ka mea, he ʻike pilikino kēia o kēlā me kēia mea e pili ana me kahi noi kikoʻī o kahi huahana kikoʻī i nā kūlana kikoʻī, ʻaʻole kahi meta-study.
Eia hou, ʻo nā hoʻokolohua kupaianaha loa mai ke kuhi o ke ʻano o ka hana i ka māla he drawback koʻikoʻi. Lawe ʻia lākou kokoke i ka manawa like, a no laila ʻaʻole e noʻonoʻo i kahi mea e like me ka manawa e pono ai no ka hana ʻana, a hāʻawi i kahi pane i ka nīnau o ka mode spraying ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i kēia manawa a no kahi kūlana kikoʻī ma ke kahua. A kahi agronomist hoʻomaʻamaʻa nāna e alakaʻi ʻole i ka noiʻi, akā hana ia i ka manawa maoli - nā pilikia hoʻonohonoho, nā "puka aniani" o ka wā, ka nele o nā mīkini mīkini a me nā lako haki - aia kahi koho paʻakikī. ʻO wai ka mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi - e noʻonoʻo ana i ka hoʻonohonoho o nā mea sprayers a me nā loina o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka wai, e pīpī ana i nā lā ʻehiku me ka helu i koi ʻia o ka noi ʻana o 200 liters per hectare a i ʻole ʻehā a ʻelima mau lā i ka helu o ka noi 100 l / ha? A i ʻole hana paha i nā mea āpau i nā lā ʻekolu me ka helu ʻai o 50 l / ha? ʻOiaʻiʻo, i nā manawa he nui ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma nā ʻano o ke kekelē o ka uhi ʻana, akā ma ka manawa ma mua o ka qualitative, akā lohi - no ka mauʻu ulu nui, nā pae insensitive o ka pest, a i ʻole ia mahele o ka maʻi inā ʻaʻole hiki i ka lapaʻau maikaʻi loa ke hoʻōla hou iā ia. a me kahi lāʻau hoʻopau.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, mai nā manaʻo laulā, inā he sprayer kāu no kāu 10 - 15 - 30 - 50 hectares (e like me ka hihia me nā mahiʻai ma ʻEulopa), a ʻaʻole paʻakikī ka wai, paʻakai a maʻemaʻe paha, a laila hiki iā ʻoe ke hana me ka wikiwiki 200 - 300 - 400 l / ha, a noʻonoʻo i kekona (ka manawa i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana) pono. Akā ke loaʻa iā ʻoe hoʻokahi sprayer i hiki iā ʻoe ke lilo no nā haneli he haneli (a i ʻole he mau kaukani), a laila e mālama ʻia ka manawa me ka hoʻohanohano hou aku.
RULA A ME KA WAIWAI
Me kahi ukana kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ka mea pīpī, kaomi ʻana e hele i waho o nā palena o nā loina i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo pōkole i kēia. Ke hiki mai ʻōpuʻu ʻōnaehana (ʻo kēia mau mea, no ka laʻana, glyphosate, 2,4-D, dicamba, MCPA, sulfonylureas, florasulam, clopyralid, picloram), no ka mea ʻaʻole nui ka nui o ka uhi a me ke komo ʻana i ka papa haʻahaʻa o ka nāhelehele ma muli o kā lākou neʻe ʻana ma ka phloem, a laila no e hoʻonui ana i ka hana ʻana (kūlohelohe, e noʻonoʻo nei i ka makaʻu o ka ʻauheʻe), hiki iā ʻoe ke hana me nā helu hōʻemi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hopena hana. ʻOiai ʻo ka mauʻu mauʻu mauʻu mau makahiki me ka nui o ke kaulike ʻole o ka uhi ke hoʻohana ʻia nā nozel droplet e hoʻopau ʻia e nā glyphosate ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā mea ulu no ko lākou wahi kikoʻī kiʻekiʻe. No kēlā mau hoʻomākaukau, ʻae ʻia nā helu ʻai a hiki i 100 l / ha. A inā mākou e nānā i ke kūlana me ke kau inoa ʻana o ia huahana i nā ʻāina kahi e hoʻohana ʻia ai nā galani a me nā eka, a laila ma laila e hoʻomaka pinepine ai me kahi helu e kūlike ana i nā waiwai ma lalo o 50 l / ha wale nō.
Eia naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā helu noi noi e koi ʻia me ka mālama nui. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e hoʻomohala ʻia kekahi formulate no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano o ka emulsion a i ʻole ka hoʻomaha ʻana ma kahi ʻano paʻa. Me ka hōʻemi o ka helu o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai i kekahi manawa, hiki iā ʻoe ke kiʻi i kahi emulsion hana paʻa ʻole a hoʻomaha paha.
no ka mea, lāʻau hoʻomake kino anti-palaoa ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ke kūlana. ʻO nā lau o nā cereala kokoke mau i ka pākū, a ʻo ka mea hoʻohui, emi pinepine lākou i ka pulu ma mua o nā lau o nā mea kanu dicotyledonous (ʻaʻole nā mea āpau, ʻoiaʻiʻo). No laila, ʻoiai kahi ʻike kūleʻa hoʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā helu kahe kūpono o ka wai hana no nā lāʻau anti-cereal, ʻaʻole ia he waiwai e hōʻemi i ka helu kahe ma lalo o 100 l / ha.
He nīnau ʻokoʻa - lāʻau hoʻomake lepo... ʻO ka manawa pinepine, hōʻike nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo pono lākou e hana a uhi pono ka lepo, a no laila ʻae ʻia nā helu kiʻekiʻe loa o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hopena hana (ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i nā rula ʻaʻole koi i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka lāʻau i loko o ka lepo ma hope o ka pīpī ʻana). Akā ma aneʻi nō hoʻi, hilinaʻi nui nā mea āpau i ka hiki i ka lāʻau make e neʻe, i kēia hihia, ʻaʻole i ka mea kanu, akā i ka lepo. Inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i pendimethalin, a laila ʻaʻole ia e neʻe i ka lepo a me nā koena mea kanu - kahi i hāʻule ai, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma laila. A ʻo ka chloroacetamides (C-metolachlor, propisochlor, acetochlor) a me nā triazines (prometrine, metribuzin, terbutylazine) he neʻe kiʻekiʻe, a no laila ʻaʻole pono nā helu ʻai kiʻekiʻe loa o ka hopena hana e koi ʻia e pendimethalin no lākou.
ʻĀ, e like me hoʻokaʻaʻike i nā lāʻau make (bentazone, desmedipham, fenmedipham), a laila ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no lākou e pīpī me kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka uhi ʻana, i loaʻa mua ʻia e nā helu kiʻekiʻe o ka hopena hana a me ka hoʻolei liʻiliʻi ʻana.
no ka mea, fungicides a me nā insecticides ʻoi aku ka nui o ka uhi ʻana, ka pae-lalo a me ka hoʻi-kua ma mua o nā mea lāʻau ʻōnaehana. Hoʻomaopopo ka poʻe āpau i kēia koi no nā lāʻau lapaʻau, akā he mea nui ia no nā ʻōnaehana. ʻO nā fungicides systemic a me nā insecticides kahi ʻōnaehana kūloko (hiki iā lākou ke komo i loko o ka lau a neʻe paha ma kona ʻili, neʻe iki i ka pae mahu), a i ʻole xylem-systemic (kekahi triazoles, strobilurins, succinate dehydrogenase mea hoʻopukapuka), ʻo ia hoʻi, hiki iā lākou ke neʻe ma waena o ka mea kanu wale nō, iho i lalo. A ʻaʻole like me glyphosate, ʻo lākou, i ka manawa ma luna o ka pae kiʻekiʻe o kahi mea kanu, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopau i kāna ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa a i nā aʻa. No laila, inā hiki, pono ke hoʻohana ʻana i nā insecticides a i ʻole fungicides me kahi kōmi hana ma ka liʻiliʻi he 100 l / ha. A ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ka liʻiliʻi loa i ka helu haʻahaʻa i ʻōlelo ʻia no ka hana ʻana (inā, ʻoiaʻiʻo, nā lako ʻenehana a me ka loaʻa o ka wai me nā logistics kūpono e ʻae).
Aia kekahi mau hanana i ka wā e hoʻonui ʻia ai ka uku o ka hopena hana a ʻaʻole e hoʻokoe i nā surfactants o waho. ʻO kahi laʻana, pono e hana i kēia i ka hakakā ʻana i ka moth cabbage e noho ana ma ke kua o ka lau paheʻe a paheʻe waxy.
Akā hou - "ua maloʻo ke kumumanaʻo, e kuʻu hoaaloha, a he ʻōmaʻomaʻo nani ka lāʻau o ke ola." ʻO ka maikaʻi o nā fungicides, ke "haʻalele" ka maʻi no ka waenakonu o ka manawa incubation, ke emi nui nei. A ʻo ka manawa incubation no ka popo pala i nā cereal ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi hiki ke komo i hoʻokahi pule. No laila, i kekahi manawa pono pono e hana me ka maikaʻi ʻole (hoʻemi i ka helu o ka hopena hana), akā i ka manawa, mai ka wā e lilo ai, e like me ka ʻōlelo maʻamau i ʻōlelo ai, "ʻoi aku ka nui" e hana i ka lapaʻau ʻekolu a ʻehā mau lā ma mua.
Hoʻohui ʻia, kekahi mau fungicides (ʻo kahi laʻana, triazoles ʻōnaehana) i ko lākou kiʻina kiʻekiʻe i ka hopena hana (a ʻo nā hui pū me nā lāʻau make, ʻaʻole ia he mea maʻamau), keu hoʻi ke hoʻopili ʻia i nā droplets liʻiliʻi i ka wā maloʻo a me ka wela (ke hiki i ka kulu ma ke ala i ka mea pahuhopu kahi manawa e hoʻomaloʻo a hoʻomau. hoʻonui i ka hoʻonui) hōʻike i ka phytotoxicity. Hoʻohuli ʻia ia e nā mea ʻano ʻē o ka moʻomeheu a me ka ʻike varietal, akā inā ʻaʻole ʻike pinepine ʻia nā ʻano like o ia ʻano ʻano like ʻole i nā cereal a hoʻopili iki i ka hua, a laila hiki ke weliweli ma nā ʻano mea kanu "lahilahi" a i ʻole kaʻuala.
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