Ma kēia ʻāpana, ua hāʻawi mau mākou i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻuala i nā wahi like ʻole o Lūkia. Akā mai ka 2020, ua hoʻoholo mākou e hele i waho o nā palena maʻamau i kēlā me kēia ʻano: i ka hopena hope loa o ka makahiki i hala ua kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i nā mea i kū i ka ʻoihana ʻuala ma Kazakhstan, a ua hoʻolaʻa ʻia ka hoʻopuka mua o 2021 iā Belarus.
Kāhea ʻia ʻo Belarus i ka ʻāina ʻuala. ʻO ia kekahi o nā mea hana nui he iwakālua i ka honua (noho ma kahi 11th) a ʻo ia ke alakaʻi i ka nui o nā huahana i loaʻa i kēlā me kēia capita: e like me ka IndexBox, ma ka makahiki 2019 he 591 kilokika o kaʻuala i kēlā me kēia kanaka. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻai ma aneʻi: 183 kg o kaʻuala i kēlā me kēia makahiki no kēlā me kēia mea noho o ka ʻāina.
Eia nō naʻe, i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻomāhuahua mau ka nūpepa i ka ʻike e hoʻoliʻiliʻi nei ʻo Belarus i ka wahi no ka ulu ʻana i ka huahana aupuni. No ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo nō ia, a me nā pilikia e kū nei i ka ʻoihana i kēia lā a me nā hana e hoʻonohonoho ai iā ia iho, ua noi mākou e haʻi ʻO Vadim Makhanko, Luna Hoʻokele o ka Scientific a me ka Practical Center o ka National Academy of Science o Belarus no ka hana uala a me ka hana hortikultural.
Ke emi nei nā wahi, ke hoʻonui nei nā hua
ʻO ka nui o nā wahi i hāʻawi ʻia no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka uala ma Belarus e hoʻoliʻiliʻi mau nei. ʻIke maʻalahi ʻia kēia ʻano i ka lehulehu (nā ʻoihana mahiʻai nui). ʻO ke kumu nui ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hua. ʻO nā mea hana i ke kumu kūʻai like no ka hectare - ma muli o ka ʻenehana maikaʻi, e ulu ana ka maikaʻi o nā hua - e loaʻa like me nā ʻohiʻohi like.
Ma ka mahele o nā mahiʻai pāʻoihana, ua kokoke ka hua ma ka repubalika ma kahi o 30 t / ha. Ke hōʻike nei nā māla maikaʻi loa i nā hopena o 50-70 t / ha no kekahi mau makahiki i ka lālani, ke ulu ʻia i nā wahi nui kūpono a me ka ʻole o ka wai.
Akā aia kekahi mau kumu ʻē aʻe e hoʻopili i ka pālākiō o ka hana ʻana i kaʻuala. ʻO kekahi o lākou ka pilikia o ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā huahana i pau. Ma mua, ua hāʻawi ʻia ka hapa nui o ka hua i ka Lūkini Hui Pū ʻIa, akā i nā makahiki ʻelua i hala iho nei, ua hiolo nui ke koi no ka Belarusian ware uala ma laila. ʻO kēia nā ʻike kikoʻī, i hōʻoia ʻia e nā lawelawe dute o ka Russian Federation a me ke keʻena ʻoihana o ka Repubalika o Belarus, nā mea e hoʻopaʻa inoa i nā ʻaelike kalepa kūwaho. He nui nā mahiʻai ponoʻī e hoʻoponopono hou iā lākou iho e hana me nā mea kanu i makemake nui ʻia ma ka mākeke.
Ulu ʻia ka uala ma nā pā mahiʻai ponoʻī (a e like me ka helu helu, 80% o kaʻuala ma Belarus e hana ʻia i nā ʻohana). Ua kū ka poʻe i ke kanu ʻana i kaʻuala no ke kūʻai aku no ka mea ua lilo i mea paʻakikī ke kūʻai aku. Ma mua, e hele mai kahi kalaka i ke kauhale, a lawe nā mea kūʻai i ka nui o ka loaʻa o nā huahana: mai hoʻokahi pā - he ton, mai kahi ʻē aʻe - ʻelima, mai ke kolu - ʻumi. I kēia manawa makemake ka poʻe kūʻai kūʻai nui e kiʻi ma 20 mau tona o hoʻokahi papa a me ke ʻano like i ka manawa hoʻokahi.
ʻO ka mea nui ka home
Ma ka liʻiliʻi he 65-70%, a i kekahi mau makahiki a ʻoi hoʻi 75%, o ka wahi i hāʻawi ʻia e nā mahiʻai nunui no ka hana ʻana i kaʻuala ma ka ʻāina e noho ʻia e nā ʻano Belarusian koho.
Kaulana loa: Breeze, Skarb, Zhuravinka, Manifesto, Ragneda. ʻO nā mea i kū i ka haole, ʻo Gala, Red Scarlett, ʻo Queen Anne ma ka ʻumi he nui.
ʻOiai, hoihoi ka poʻe hana Belarusian i nā ʻano ʻEulopa. Loaʻa kēia ma muli o nā koi o nā mea kūʻai aku a i ʻole nā ʻoihana hana. ʻO kēlā a me nā ʻelele ʻē aʻe o ka ʻoihana kūwaho, ma ke ʻano he kūlana, loaʻa iā lākou iho nā papa inoa o nā ʻano ʻuala i paipai ʻia, maʻa mau i ka pūnaewele holoʻokoʻa.
Ma kahi ʻāpana, pili ʻia me ka makemake e hoʻāʻo i nā hiki o nā alakaʻi honua i kā lākou kūlana ponoʻī. Mai poina i ka mahele Belarusian o ka nui o ka hana hoʻohua o nā ʻāina ulu ʻuala nui ma kahi o 1%. He paʻakikī ke hoʻokūkū i kēlā ʻano.
Hoʻomaopopo nui ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana o Belarusian breeding a me ka hana hua ʻana e ke kākoʻo o ka mokuʻāina. No ke kūʻai ʻana i nā ʻanoʻano kiʻekiʻe o nā mea hana home, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea mahiʻai, a ke hoʻonui nei ka nui o nā uku i kēia mau lā.
No laila, i ke kau i hala, 50% o ke kumukūʻai. A ʻo kēia me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā puke āpau o ka Belarusian o kaʻuala o ka "elite" a me nā "super-super-elite" ma ke ʻano kūʻai aku i ka ʻāina ma nā kumukūʻai paʻa i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ka Ministry of Agriculture and Food (ma ke ʻano he rula, aia lākou 20 a i ʻole kanakolu). I ka makahiki 30, ʻo ke kumukūʻai o ka kilogram o ka "elite", e like me ka hoʻoholo a ka ʻohana, he 2020 kopecks (ma kahi o 55 rubles Lūkia), akā ua uku wale ka mea hana mahiʻai i 14 kopecks wale nō.
ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona nui ke koho ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole: ka maikaʻi o ka hua, ʻoiai ʻaʻole wau e hana i nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi: he mau mea kā nā Belarusian a me nā mea kanu ʻEulopa e hana ai.
He paʻakikī paʻakikī kā mākou mau mea i hoʻokō ai e hoʻohālikelike me nā mea o ʻEulopa, ʻokoʻa loa ka ʻikepili mua: i ka 1943, i ka wā i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ai ʻo Belarus mai nā Nazis, ua hoʻopau loa ʻia nā hanana āpau o ka ʻāina. A ma Holland i kēia manawa ʻaʻole kū ke ola ʻepekema, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻano uala kaulana, ʻo Desiree.
A laila hiki mai nā 90s, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa i ke kaua i kā lākou hopena luku ma ka ʻāpana o ka hana hua. Ua lilo nā limahana, nā pono hana, nā hale iā mākou. No kekahi mea kanu mea kanu, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻihoʻi i ka hana hua ʻana.
Ma mua he 43 hale hana micropropagation ma Belarus, i kēia manawa ʻaʻohe mea i ʻoi aku ma kahi o ke kakini o lākou. ʻOiaʻiʻo, hoʻonui ʻia kēia mau mea i kēia manawa, akā ʻaʻole nā mea hana i laila ma laila.
ʻOiai, ke loli malie nei ke kūlana. Ma waho aʻe o ko mākou kikowaena, lawe ʻia ka hana ʻana o ka hua ʻuala e nā mahiʻai kūikawā, i kēlā me kēia wahi aia nā wahi hoʻokolohua, a, i waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, e hana nei i ka hana o nā minitubers i nā nui o ka nui.
100% o ka hanauna tuberous mua i ulu i nā greenhouse me kahi microclimate hapa hapa.
ʻAʻole hiki iaʻu ke ʻōlelo he maikaʻi nā mea āpau i ka ʻoihana i kēia lā, a ua hōʻea mākou i nā kiʻekiʻe o ke ao. Kū aʻe nā pilikia, akā ke hoʻāʻo nei mākou e hoʻolako i nā ʻuala hua maikaʻi i kā mākou mea hana, a hoʻouna i nā puke e pono ai no ka lawe aku.
E hoʻokuʻu aku i kaʻuala
ʻO ka mākeke nui no nā uala hua Belarusian ʻo Rūsia. ʻO ke kumu o ka hoʻolilo ʻehā mau ʻano (e like me ka ʻikepili no nā makahiki ʻekolu i hala aku nei): Breeze, Skarb, Manifest a me Zhuravinka.
Makemake nui wau e hāʻawi aku i nā mea kūʻai aku Lūkini i nā huahana hou o kā mākou koho, akā kaumaha, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hana i kēia: no ʻehā mau makahiki i kēia manawa ʻaʻole mākou i lawe i nā ʻano no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, no nā lunamakaʻāinana o nā ʻāina ʻē ua lilo kēia hana i uku nui ʻia.
Ma waho o Rūsia, hāʻawi ʻo Belarus i nā ʻuala hua i Kazakhstan. Ua haʻalele kēia ʻāina i kēia manawa i ka papa inoa, hiki ke lawe ʻia mai i kēlā me kēia ʻano ma laila, ʻo ka mea nui i kū ka uala i nā koina e pono ai. Hāʻawi mākou i nā puke liʻiliʻi i Georgia a me Uzbekistan (no nā makahiki ʻelua i hala).
Ke hoʻoponopono ʻana: aia kekahi mau ʻano, pilikia pū kekahi
I kēia lā aia ma kahi o ʻumi mau mea hana starch ma Belarus. Hoʻolako ʻia nā hale hana ʻelua me nā pono Kina, hoʻokahi me Suedena, ʻo ke koena e hoʻohana i nā laina Soviet kahiko. Eia nō naʻe, hana lākou i ka nui o ka starch e pono ai ka ʻāina. Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, kūʻai wale ʻia ka starch i hoʻololi ʻia no kekahi mau ʻoihana (kemika, lāʻau lapaʻau, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), i nā puke liʻiliʻi.
ʻO ka mea nui keakea i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻoihana ka nele o nā pono maka.
E ʻae koke wau: ʻo Belarus kahi koho ākea ākea o nā ʻano no ka hana ʻana o ka starch. I ka wā Soviet, aia kahi kikowaena hānau ma ka repubalika, kūikawā i ka hana ʻana o nā ʻano starchy kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻohe o mākou ʻike kūpono. Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kā mākou ʻano i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā haole: i kā mākou lineup aia kekahi mau koho mai ka waena waena a hiki i ka waena, ʻoiai ka hapa nui o nā starch ʻEulopa ʻano lohi, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻaʻole lākou i kūpono kūpono no kā mākou aniau. ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo nā kapikala o Belarus a me Kelemania aia ma kahi o ka like like, ʻo ka wā ulu i ka wahi Berlin he ʻelua mau mahina ka lōʻihi. Eia hou, ʻaʻole kūpono nā lohi o ke ʻano mai ke kuanaʻike waiwai: koi lākou i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā kolamu nitrogen (ma muli o ke kau lōʻihi e ulu ana), ka helu kiʻekiʻena o nā mālama ʻana no ka pau ʻana o ke ahi.
Eia nō naʻe, i mea e hoihoi ai nā mea mahiʻai i ka hana ʻana o nā mea maka no nā hale hana starch, ʻaʻole lawa nā ʻano wale nō, ʻo ke kumukūʻai e mākaukau ai nā hale hana e ʻae i kēia mau mea waiwai. I kēia manawa, aia ia i kēlā me kēia manawa (me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka noi mākeke), kūʻai aku nā mea mahiʻai i nā ʻaelike me nā ʻoihana hana i kā lākou huahana starchy kiʻekiʻe loa i nā hale kūʻai a i ʻole no ka lawe ʻana aku ma ke ʻano he canteen
No kekahi mau makahiki i kēia manawa, ke hoʻāʻo nei ka ʻoihana meaʻai māmā Belarusian ʻo Onega + e hoʻonā i ka pilikia o ka nele o nā mea maka maikaʻi, kekahi o nā hana i hana ʻia nā ʻāpana mai nā uala maka. I ke kahua o ka hoʻouka ʻana i ka hana, ua hoʻomaka koke lākou e hana me nā mea hana mahiʻai ma kahi ʻaelike: ua kūʻai lākou i nā hua no nā mahiʻai, kōkua i ka haku ʻana i ka ʻenehana. ʻAʻole hiki ke kiʻi koke i ka huahana o ke ʻano i makemake ʻia, ʻo nā pilikia o ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo a me nā puke o ka lawe ʻana he pilikia nō ia, akā ʻaʻole lilo ka mea kanu i ka manaʻolana no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi mea hoʻolako kūpono. Ma ke ala, i ka wā kokoke e hoʻolālā ʻo "Onega +" e hoʻomaka i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kaʻuala o kā mākou mau ʻano ʻelua no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana: ʻo Zhuravinka lāua ʻo Nara, he mea maikaʻi loa lāua ʻelua i ka wā o nā hoʻokolohua.
Ma ka hale ʻai ʻo Tolochin, kahi e hoʻomākaukau ʻia nei ka hale kūʻai ʻo Fries (ʻo ka ʻoihana mua no ka hana ʻana i nā kīʻaha Palani ma Belarus) hoʻolālā lākou e ulu i nā mea maka ponoʻī ma kā lākou iho. Nā wahi ponoʻī (1000 hectares), ʻike ākea i ka hana ʻana i kaʻuala hua, nā limahana (agronomists, mīkini mīkini, ʻenehana ʻenehana) ʻae e hoʻokumu i ka hana. Hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻohana i kaʻuala o ka Belarusian ʻano Lel ma ke ʻano he kumuwaiwai, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i hoʻokō ʻia kāna mau hoʻokolohua: ʻaʻole i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka laina, a me ke kōmike ʻana, ma ke noi o kahi ʻaelike me ka mea hana mai me nā ʻano o ke koho ʻana o ʻEulopa.
Nā mea hou hānau
E hāʻawi mākou i kekahi mau huaʻōlelo i nā hana hou loa o Belarusian hānau. Makemake kā mākou mea kanu uala i ka ʻano ultra-Early Persazvet... Me ka, a ma ke ʻano maoli o ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia: kaʻuala - kūʻē i ke kumu o ka nui o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka wā oʻo like, kū lākou i waho no kā lākou ʻono maikaʻi loa. Umi-tuberous, kinona: mai ka ʻō a ʻō a i ka ʻōʻai.
ʻO kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe i komo i ka papa inoa i kēia makahiki Julia.
E pau ana nā hoʻāʻo no nā ʻano waena waena ʻO Mastak (me ka haku keʻokeʻo - mea pena kiʻi). ʻO kāna hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona ka pale ʻana i nā maʻi viral (X a me Y), kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe i ka hui o nā maʻi mosaic. Nā bonus hou aʻe: hua kiʻekiʻe, ʻono maikaʻi, kūpono no ka mālama wā lōʻihi.
Ma kahi kaʻawale, makemake wau e ʻōlelo e pili ana i ke ʻano waena waena Nara... ʻO kēia ka haʻaheo o nā mea hoʻoulu Belarusian, ʻoiai ke ʻono o ka uala e like me ka ʻono maʻamau no mākou o ka lā kahiko a aloha nui Lasunok. ʻO kekahi hua hoʻohui o nā ʻano mea kūpono kūpono ia no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana a me nā uala maloʻo.
Hale Aliʻi - kahi ʻano ʻulaʻula hou, hoihoi pū kekahi.
ʻO kēia nā ʻano nui a mākou e makemake ai e hāʻawi i ka wā e hiki mai ana no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā ʻano like i ka Russian Federation.
Hoʻololi ke aniau
ʻIke mākou i ka loli ikaika loa. Ua hoʻopaʻa ko mākou poʻe loea i nā hōʻike o kahi o 30 mau maʻi hou i nā māla Belarusian, ʻo ka pālahalaha ʻana i pale mua ʻia e kahi lawa ʻole o nā mahana kūpono. Hoʻokomo ʻia kēia mau maʻi āpau i ke kūlohelohe a komo i loko o ka ʻāina, ma ke ʻano he rula, me ka ʻanoʻano (ʻaʻole wale kaʻuala).
Ua hoʻonāukiuki ka hoʻomehana ʻana i kahi ulu ʻoi loa o nā fungi o ka genus Pythium, e hoʻoulu ana i ka pala wai. I kēia manawa ua ʻoi aku ka nui o nā poho mai laila ma Belarus ma mua o ka hopena o ke ahi. ʻOiai, he pilikia kēia ma muli o ka paʻakikī o nā kumu, akā ʻo ka hoʻomehana ʻana kekahi o nā mea nui.
Ua lilo i mea paʻakikī e hana aku i nā vector o nā maʻi viral: aphids, leafhoppers - hoʻomanawanui lākou āpau i ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka mahana.
Eia hou, ua lilo ka maloʻo pinepine i repubalika. A i ka makahiki i hala aku nei kahi hanana kūlana. Ua hoʻomaka me ka hoʻomehana ʻana: ma ka lā 26 ʻApelila, ma ka moku Minsk, ua piʻi ka mahana o ka lepo ma ka hohonu o ke kanu ʻana + 10..14 kekelē. Kanu ʻia kaʻuala, a ma ke kumu o Mei i hala ka wela, ua iho ka mahana o ka lepo i ka hohonu o ke kanu ʻana i + 2..4 kekelē. ʻAʻole i loaʻa i kēia manawa kahi aniani koi a hoʻolōʻihi ʻia i Mei i ka wā i hala. Ua hoʻopaneʻe ʻia ka mea kanu ma mua o hoʻokahi mahina. ʻAʻohe o nā lāʻau maikaʻi loa no ka maʻi rhizoctonia i mālama i kēia maʻi.
Hoʻololi nā loli Climatic i nā mea ulu ʻuala nui e noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ka hoʻolauna ʻana o nā pono wai, a hiki ke hoʻolālā ʻia i ka nui o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā mea kanu a me kona maikaʻi.
I kēia lā, hiki wale i kahi mau mahiʻai ke mahi i ka mahi ʻana i kaʻuala: nui ke kumu kūʻai, a ʻo ka repubalika i kahi mau wahi ʻaʻole waiwai nui i nā kumuwaiwai, i nā wā o ke kau maloʻo a maloʻo hoʻi nā kahawai hoʻopiʻi i ko mākou ʻāina.
Minamina, ua luku ʻia ka ʻōnaehana hoʻoiho ʻāina Soviet ma mua, a ke hele nei ka ʻāina i nā hana mua e kūkulu i kahi hou.