Ua hōʻike ka "ʻAukake" i nā stereotypes maʻamau e pili ana i nā biopesticides - nā huahana palekana palekana i ʻae ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huahana kūlohelohe a synthesized e nā mea ola.
Manaʻo ka mākeke honua no nā biopesticides e ulu wikiwiki ana: ʻo ka kaʻana o nā huahana kūlohelohe i ka huina o nā huahana pale o nā mea kanu he mea liʻiliʻi wale nō ia o ka hapa mau, akā, e like me nā poʻe loea, e hoʻonui ʻia ana kā lākou kumukūʻai ma ka 15-20% i kēlā me kēia makahiki - ʻoi aku ka nui o nā manawa ʻekolu ma mua o ka mākeke paʻa mua o ka CPPPs.
Ma Lūkia, ʻokoʻa ke kūlana: ke ulu nei nā mākeke no nā biopesticides a me CPPP i kahi like. Ke ulu pinepine nei ka ulu ʻana i nā meaola loea i nā pae honua, a ʻo ke kūʻai ʻana o nā lāʻau lapaʻau kūwaho e hoʻonui ʻia ana e 10% i kēlā me kēia makahiki i ka makahiki i hala. Mai 2010 a hiki i ka 2019, nā hoʻolimalima e pili ana i nā huahana pale o nā mea kanu ma Lūkia ma kahi hekahi o ka līpika lūlū ʻia i quadrupled - mai 550 a 2200 rubles. Ua hanana ia i ʻelua ma muli o ka huki ʻana o nā kumukūʻai, kahi i hoʻolako ʻia ai ke kumukūʻai o nā kumu nui o nā huahana pale o nā mea kanu, a ma muli o ke kumu loiloi ʻona e pono ai nā pale lāʻau ʻaʻole i uhi piha ʻia e ka mahiʻai kīwaha. A ʻoi aku ka ulu nui o ka ulu ma ia ʻāina: ma Rūsia, ke kumukūʻai ʻo kēlā me kēia hectare i ke kālā ʻelua mau manawa haʻahaʻa ma mua o USA, a ʻo 3,5 mau manawa i haʻahaʻa ma lalo o Kelemania. A ma Iapana, ʻo ka ʻāina me ka hapa nui o ka poʻe kenekulia ma waena o ka lehulehu, ua hoʻopau lākou iā 15 manawa i kēlā me kēia hectare o ka pāla ma mua o Rusia (akā pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia ma Iapana ma mua o hoʻokahi hua o ka hōʻiliʻili i kēlā me hoʻokahi pākēkē a me nā kumukūʻai o nā pesticides aia kekahi kūpono loa).
Aʻo nā biopesticides, hapa nui o lākou na ka pūʻulu o nā pepeke manu i hoʻolālā ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i nā pepeke, a me nā manu i hoʻohana ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi o nā manu. Eia nō hoʻi, ua hoʻomohala nui nā huahana olakino e like me ka ulu ʻana o nā mea hoʻouluulu a me nā ʻāpana anti-stress - ʻoi aku ka ʻole me ka maikaʻi a maopopo ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana. ʻAʻole hiki i nā biopesticides ke hoʻokūkū i ka hui ʻoi loa o ka CPPPs - nā mea kanu lāʻau. Hōʻike ka noiʻi ʻoiai ʻo nā kumu nui i hiki ke hōʻoia i ka mea mahiʻai e hoʻohana i nā biopesticides, ʻo ka hāʻawi manuahi ʻole ʻana i ka lāʻau a me nā loiloi mai nā poʻe hoa hana, ʻoiai ke kumu nui e koi ai no ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka CPPD he hilinaʻi i ka hopena, ma muli o kā lākouʻike ponoʻī. Hoʻopili ia, pinepine ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā mea biopesticides i nā kūlana kūikawā i hilinaʻi ʻole ʻia i nā mea mahiʻai.
Ua ʻokoʻa nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o nā ʻāina ʻē i nā lāʻau lapaʻau ke kuleana e kapa ʻia ʻo nā mea kanu biopesticides. No laila, ma Rūsia, ua hāʻawi ʻia ka wehewehe ʻana ma GOST R 56694-2015: "he mau mea mālama mea kanu olakino e hoʻohana ʻia no ka hakakā ʻana i nā mea kanu o nā mea kanu, he mau mea olaola a he mau mea kanu ikaika kūlohelohe nui i hoʻohui ʻia e nā mea ola." I ka European Union, ua wehewehe ʻia nā biopesticides "kahi ʻano o ka lāʻau pesticide e pili ana i nā microorganisms a i ʻole nā huahana kūlohelohe." ʻO ke Keʻena ʻoihana Kūlohelohe a ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ma kahi o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka microbiological e pili ana i nā huakini, nā fungi a me nā maʻi āpau, ua hoʻokaʻawale pū ʻia i nā moʻomeheu genetically i hoʻonui ʻia i nā hua microorganism i nā biopesticides. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka endotoxin gene o nā bako o ka species Bacillus thuringiensis, nona ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka mea e make pūpū. I ka hopena, hoʻopuka ka mea kanu i nā mea i hiki ke hoʻopau i ka mea ʻino. Akā ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻo ia mau mea wale nō ka helu ʻana i nā pesticides biochemical synthesized e nā mea ola ola e hoʻomalu nei i nā pōpoki me nā mea i ʻole e loaʻa ai nā hana kūlohelohe. etc.).
ʻ states ka hui "ʻAukake" i ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o nā mea ola o nā maʻi viral, bacterial a fungal natura like me nā mea mālama o nā mea kanu, hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā huahana kemika, ua palena ʻia e ʻekolu mau mea nui. ʻO ka mea mua, koi lākou i nā kūlana mālama kūikawā, ʻoiai lākou e "wāwahi" i nā kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ka maikaʻi. ʻO ka lua, he mau manawa ka ola o ko lākou hoola, a i kekahi manawa he ʻano o ka nui, ʻokoʻa ma mua o ke CPSP. ʻO ka Pheromones, ma kahi laʻi, mālama ʻia i loko o kahi pahu manuahi, a me kahi moʻomeheu trichoderma, kahi i loaʻa ka hopena fungicidal, e lawe ʻia aku ia e kahi mea mākaukau mākaukau i loko o ka friji. Akā ʻo ka mea nui e hōʻike ai i ke kolu: ʻo ka hopena o nā huahana "ola" ke hilinaʻi nui nei i nā kūlana kūlohelohe. Inā ʻaʻole pono lākou, a he nui ka hoʻokūkū me nā biota kūlohelohe o ka nohona, "ola" ka lāʻau ola lāʻau "maikaʻi ʻole he mea ʻole.
“ʻAʻole he like ʻole ka nui o nā hua lāʻau biopesticides e like me nā hua o ka mea hoʻokalakupua a me nā mea kanu loea. ʻO nā mea kūʻai mai o nā huahana i kekahi manawa ʻaʻole i ʻike he kumu no ka synthetic kumu, - wahi a Mikhail Danilov. - No ka laʻana, ʻo ka manuahi insectoacaricide maikaʻi loa, e hōʻeha ana i nā mea ʻoki a me nā meaʻeha maikaʻi, he huahana ʻoi nā fungi Streptomyces avermitilis. A ʻoiai ʻo ka mea he palekana ka "bio", ʻo ka abamectin no nā mamm ka mea wale nō ke kauoha o ka magnitude i nā mea ʻawaʻawa ma mua o ka potassium cyanide. "
Ma ka manawa like, ʻo ka hoʻohana pono ʻana o CPSP e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ai ʻaʻole he pōʻino i ke kino a me nā kānaka. Ke hoʻokō nei nā lāʻau lapaʻau i kēia manawa. Ua oi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi makahiki mai ka manawa i hoʻāʻo ʻia ka mea hana ikaika i ke kūʻai ʻana aku i kahi huahana ma luna ona. Hoʻopili i nā hoʻokolohua olakino e pili pono ana i ka nānā ʻana i nā hana o kahi mea e kū'ē i kahi mea hōʻino, e hōʻike ʻia ana kahi ʻano huina o nā loiloi hoʻohālikelike. I ka manawa like, haʻalele ka lāʻau lapaʻau i ka mākeke. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo kēia mau mea me ka hoʻomau mau ʻana, ka mālama ʻia ʻana i nā mea kūlohelohe no ka manawa lōʻihi, a me kēlā mau mea e pili ana i ka bioaccumulation - hōʻuluʻulu i loko o ke kino i kahi kaʻa i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hele ʻana mai ma waho o ke ʻano. ʻO ka lua, ʻo ia nā mau mea e hopohopo nei nā hiʻohiʻona toxicological.
“ʻO Dichlorodiphenyltrichloromethylmethane (DDT), he haʻahaʻa, akā ua pāpā ʻia i kēia lā i nā ʻāina a pau o ka honua, ua hoʻohana ʻia i nā namu a me nā mea kanu mea kanu a hōʻoia i ke kūleʻa o ka hoʻōheʻe ʻana. I ka lepo, hiki i kona hapalua-ola ke ʻoi aku ma mua o 15 mau makahiki. Eia kekahi, he nui nā bioaccumulation kiʻekiʻe loa. I loko o ka meaʻai kīʻaha, silt - algae - crustaceans - iʻa - iʻa ʻano kuhi, ʻono ʻoi kona ʻona i ʻumi mau tausani. I ka manawa like, mai poina iā mākou ʻaʻole i poina i loko o ʻekolu mau makahiki i kōkua ʻo DDT e mālama a hiki i ka hapalua miliona mau kānaka ʻaʻole i make mai ka maʻi maʻi, "ua ʻōlelo ʻo Mikhail Danilov.
Hoʻopilikia ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana no ka pale ʻoihana mea kanu i ka wā i hana hewa ʻole ʻia - ka mea mua loa, ke ʻae ʻia nā kānāwai noi. Pili pū kēia i nā pākuʻina a me nā huaʻōlelo o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticides, a me kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu kahi i manaʻo ʻole ʻia ai lākou - no ka laʻana, ma muli o nā hiʻohiʻona toxicological.
“Ke hoʻohana nei i nā iniseti organophosphate a i nā benzimidazole fungicides i ka palaoa, ʻaʻohe koena o ka ʻili, akā ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana iā lākou e pale i ka lūlū mai nā palapu a me ka fusarium ka hana hewa. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i pau nā huahana i ka Lūkini Lūkini no ka mālama pono ʻana i nā ʻōlelo maʻamau no nā koena e ʻae ʻia i loko o nā mea laikini me nā mea ʻole e ola ai nā mea make o nā meaolaola, ”hoʻopiʻi ʻia ʻo Mikhail Danilov.
Nā mea i hāʻawi ʻia e ka lawelawe kaomi o ka ʻoihana "ʻAukake"