Sergey Banadysev, Kauka o ka ʻepekema Kūʻai Kūʻai, ka luna o ka papahana koho o ka SSC "Doka - Genetic Technologies"
ʻO nā hiki a me ka pono o ka hana ʻana i nā tubers hua ma ke kanu ʻana ke hoʻonui nui nei. Inā ma mua o ka hana nui o ke kāhiko ʻana, ʻo ia ka piha ʻana o ka rhizoctoniosis, wireworm a me ka nalo potato potato ma luna o nā lūlū, i kēia manawa ua loaʻa i ka poʻe loea kahi arsenal holoʻokoʻa o nā pono hana e kāohi ai i nā maʻi maʻamau o ka ʻili, ka maʻi o ka lepo o ka phytophthora, antracnose a me pithium, aphids i ke kau ulu mua, nā nematodes kumu, ka hoʻomaikaʻi olakino lepo. microbiota. Ma waho aʻe o ka mea momona nui, ke kanu ʻana, me nā lole, pono e hoʻohui i nā mea kumumea a me nā mea hoʻonāukiuki ʻē aʻe o ka ulu ʻana o ke aʻa a me nā mea kanu.
I ka Russian Federation, ʻae ʻia e hoʻohana i nā mea hana 18 o fungicides, 10 mau mea hana o nā insecticides a me 15 microbial hoʻomākaukau me ka hana fungicidal no ka mālama ʻana i ka hua. Kūleʻa nā mea hana (d.v.-va) i nā maʻi ʻuala: azoxystrobin, mefenoxam, fludioxonil, cyproconazole, benzoic acid, benomyl, pencycuron, thiabendazole, penflufen, prothioconazole, difenoconazole, thiram, imazalil, metalapyrxoda. ʻO nā lāʻau kalepa 30, ʻo ka Prestige (imidacloprid + pencycuron, Bayer) nā mea hoʻohālikelike loa - 8 a me Maxima (fludioxonil, Syngenta) - 5. Nui nā huahana me ʻelua dvs. fungicides: azoxystrobin + mefenoxam (Uniform, Syngenta), penflufen + prothioconazole (Emesto Silver, Bayer), i hui pū ʻia me kahi insecticide - acetamiprid + fludioxonil + cyproconazole (King Combi, Agro Expert Group + dientafiodeloxamethoxamol ), iprodione + imidacloprid + difenoconazole (Idicum, ʻAukake). ʻO ka waihona momona loa o ka Waihona Waihona (Shchelkovo-Agrokhim) ʻo fludioxonil + imazalil + metalaxil. ʻO nā lāʻau ʻē aʻe āpau i hoʻokahi a i ʻole i ka hui pū ʻana me kahi insecticide. Azoxystrobin (Quadris, Syngenta) a i ka hui pū ʻia mefenoxam (Uniform, Syngenta), paipai ʻia ʻo fluxapiroxad (Sercadis, BASF) no ka mahi ʻana i ka lepo i ka ʻaihue, ke koena o nā mea - no nā paipu.
ʻO ka papa inoa o nā insecticides i ʻae ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i nā tubers i ka wā o ke kanu ʻana he nui loa. ʻAe ʻia e hoʻohana i nā lāʻau me d.v. acetamiprid, imidacloprid, bifenthrin, fipronil, clothiadinin, thiamethoxam, chloranthraniliprole, oxamil. I ka manawa like, ʻo tefluthrin (Force, Syngenta) a me oxamil (Vidat, Corteva) kahi ʻano hoʻomākaukau o nā granule a hoʻolauna ʻia i ka lepo. Hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia ke koena o nā hoʻomākaukau no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, i ka hopena like me nā fungicides. ʻO ka laulā o ka hana o nā insecticides - nā meaola o ka lepo, ka nalo potato potato a me nā aphids ma nā mea kanu. Kaomi ʻana i nā nematodes - ke kumu o ka nematicide Vidat. ʻAʻole i hōʻike ʻia kahi ʻokoʻa ʻae no nā scoops gnawing i nā lula, ʻoiai ʻo ka hana o nā makahiki i hala iho nei ua hōʻike ʻia ka maikaʻi o nā mea hana ʻē aʻe e kūʻē i kēia pest weliweli. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hapa nui o nā lāʻau kalepa ma imidacloprid, clothiadinin a me thiamethoxam. Aia nā koho ʻelua ʻāpana: imidacloprid + fipronil (Tabu Super, ʻAukake), imidacloprid + bifenthrin (Imidalite, FM Rus), thiamethoxam + chloranthraniliprol (Voliam Flexy, Syngenta).
ʻO ka assortment o nā fungicides biology i ka Russian Federation e komo pū me nā moʻomeheu ola a me nā metabolites o kekahi mau ʻano bacteria mai ka genus Bacillus, Pseudomonas, a me nā fungus predatory mai ka genus Trichoderma. I ka hōʻuluʻulu, 2020 mau lāʻau lapaʻau kalepa i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma kaʻuala ma ka papa inoa 15. I ka hana ʻana, hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo Extrasol (Bisolbi-Inter), no kekahi kumu i helu ʻia i ka papa inoa ma ke ʻano he microbiological fertilizer. ʻO mākou i 2017-2019 ua loiloi ʻia ka maikaʻi o nā biofungicides āpau e pili ana i kaʻuala. Ua loaʻa nā ʻikepili hoʻokolohua hoihoi a maikaʻi hoʻi, i kūpono e noʻonoʻo ʻokoʻa a e paʻi ʻia.
Pono ka hana ʻana i ka hua i ka palekana kūpono i nā maʻi a me nā mea pests, hoʻoulu i ka ulu a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka mea kanu, a ma ka manawa like e lawa pono ai ka ʻenehana, kūkulu ʻia i loko o kahi kaʻina hana maʻamau. Hoʻoholo ʻia ka mākaukau e ke koho pololei ʻana o nā lāʻau a me ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana. ʻO ke koho ʻana o nā lāʻau e kau ʻia ma ka ʻike o ke kumu i manaʻo ʻia o nā fungicides kikoʻī a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā pilikia phytopathological o kahi mau mea kanu o nā mea kanu a me kahi kahua kikoʻī. Aia i loko o ka papa inoa kūlana kūhelu o nā pesticides o ka Russian Federation kahi palena o ka ʻike. Hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia nā fungicides no ka pale ʻana i nā tubers e kaohi i ka rhizoctonia, ka scab maʻamau a me ka scab kālā. ʻAʻohe ʻikepili e pili ana i ka maikaʻi o nā lāʻau e kūʻē i ka antracnose, ka pala o ka wai ʻeha, ka maʻi o ka lepo blight, i pālahalaha ʻia i nā makahiki i hala iho nei. Aia kekahi mau laʻana o kahi laulā ākea o ka hana. No laila, hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka TMTD kahiko ma ke ʻano he lāʻau e kūʻē i ka hopena o ke ahi, rhizoctonia, scab, rot bacterial rot and fusarium. Hāpai kēia i nā kānalua kūpono, ʻoiai ʻo ka mea hou loa ʻekolu-ʻāpana fungicide Idicum i loaʻa kahi ʻano like o ka hana - oosporosis, phomosis, anthracnose, fusarium, rhizoctonia.
Hāʻawi ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā mea hana pesticide i kekahi mau lula, akā ʻaʻole paʻa ka objectivity i kēia hihia. Pono e loiloi i nā mea hoʻolaha me ke kaohi a me ke akahele, e noʻonoʻo ana i nā pono kalepa o nā mea hana pale pale mea kanu. ʻAe, hāʻawi lākou i nā hōʻike he nui o ka maikaʻi o nā lāʻau kikoʻī ma luna o nā mea hoʻokūkū i nā ʻano hana maoli. Aia kekahi lula hao: lanakila mau kāu lāʻau, lilo mau ka mea hoʻokūkū. I nā kumuwaiwai o kahi ʻoihana hoʻokūkū, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka mea āpau āpau ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe. Hōʻike ʻia kahi laʻana o ka hoʻohālikelike ponoʻī o ka laulā o ka hana o nā ʻano disinfectants i ka Papa 1.
He mea nui ia e ʻike i ke kumu maoli a me ka maikaʻi o nā huahana pale mea kanu i loaʻa. ʻO kēlā ʻikepili ma nā ʻāina ulu ʻuala i hoʻomohala ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki e nā poʻe loea kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa a lawe ʻia i ka maka o ka ʻoihana kaiāulu. ʻOihana, me ka uku ʻole a ma mua. ʻOiai ʻaʻole hāʻawi ka mokuʻāina i kahi lawelawe like i nā mea hana mahiʻai i ka Lūkia Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻo ka ʻike i loaʻa mai nā luna haole a me nā kumuwaiwai ākea e lawe ʻia ma ke ʻano he kumu, hoʻoponopono ʻia no nā kālā i loaʻa. Papa 2. nā ʻano ʻenehana ʻenehana āpau o ka kaohi ʻana o nā maʻi ʻuala maʻamau, i hōʻike ʻia nā pesticides me ka hōʻoia maikaʻi ʻana i ka hopena o nā pathogens kikoʻī. ʻO kēia ka ʻike pili, no ka mea ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mole molaki o nā lāʻau i synthesize no ka manawa lōʻihi. Akā ua hana ʻia kekahi mau mole ʻeleu i kēia manawa wale nō: sedaxan, penflufen, fluxopyroxade, nāna i wehe i nā mea hou no ka mālama ʻana i nā pathogens i ke kanu ʻana.
Papa 2. Nā hana ʻenehana no ka kaohi ʻana i nā maʻi ʻuala (e like me M. Fiers et al., 2011)
Pathogen / maʻi | Huli ʻaʻa | Kuilima | Tillage | Kanu, mālama, hoʻomaʻemaʻe | Nā Pesticides |
ʻO Coccodes Colletotricum / Anthracnose | Hoʻohuli no nā makahiki he 5 a ʻoi me ka palaoa, ʻulaʻula, alfalfa, kulina, nā mea kanu, ka mahu, bale. Koe wale i ka ʻumiʻumi melemele, ka soy, rapeseed | - | ʻO ka palau palau palu 30 cm | Hōʻalo i ke koʻikoʻi wai, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe mua. Ka wā pōkole ma waena o ka haulm a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana | Hoʻoulu i ka oxamil. Hoʻoemi i ka imazalil, tolchlofos-methyl, mancozeb, thiabendazole, fenpihonil a me propiconazole. |
Fusarium spp./ Fusarium malo pala | ʻO ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ʻekolu mau makahiki me ka ʻulaʻula | Humus | Ka hoʻoponopono liʻiliʻi | Hoʻomaʻemaʻe mua. Ka wā pōkole ma waena o ka ʻohi ʻana a me ka ʻohi ʻana, ka hōʻeha ʻana i ka ʻeha | ʻO Chlorine dioxide, fenpihonil, a me kahi hui o thiabendazole, imazalil a me mancoceb |
Helmintosp hall solani / ʻili kala | ʻO ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ʻekolu mau makahiki me ka ʻulaʻula | - | Ka hoʻoponopono liʻiliʻi | Ke kanu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ke kanu hope ʻana a me ka hōʻiliʻili mua ʻana | Mancozeb, imazalil, prochloraz, chlorine dioxide, thiabendazole, fenpichlonil, benomil |
Phoma ssp./ Phoma popopo maloʻo | - | - | - | ʻOhi mua i nā piko, e ʻeli ana i nā mahana ma luna o 8оС | 2-aminobutane, thiabendazole |
Phytophthora erytroseptiсa / Pink pala | XNUMX makahiki, me ka balekea a me ka clover ʻulaʻula | - | - | Nā māla i ninini maikaʻi ʻia, hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ke anuanu, hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka ʻeha | Mefenoxam, metalaxyl |
ʻO Polyscytalum pustulans / Oosporosis, ʻōpala lumpy | - | - | - | Hoʻomaʻemaʻe mua | Imazalil, Prochloraz (hua), 2-aminobutane, benomyl, thiabendazole |
Phytium ultimum / ʻElua wai pala | - | Humus | - | Nā māla i ninini maikaʻi ʻia, hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ke anuanu, hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka ʻeha | ʻO Mefenoxam |
Rhizoctonia solani / Rhizoctonia, ʻili ʻeleʻele | ʻO ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ʻekolu mau makahiki, koe wale ka palaoa, alfalfa, ryegrass | Humus, mauʻu | Ka hana liʻiliʻi ʻana, ka ʻoki ʻana o ke kauwela o nā kualono | Ke kanu pāpaʻu (5 cm), ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana o ka lepo, ka liʻiliʻi o ke kanu ʻana. Ka manawa pōkole ma waena o ka ʻohi ʻana lau a me ka ʻeli ʻana. | Hoʻokomo i 1,3-dichloropropene, aldicarb a me epoprofos. Hoemi i ka pencycuron, chlorine dioxide, thiophanate methyl, flutolanil, mancozeb, benomyl, thiabendazole |
Sclerotinia sclerotinium / Mould keʻokeʻo | 4-5 mau makahiki me nā hua palaoa, nā mauʻu cereal | - | - | Ka hoʻoponopono wai | Fluazinam, iprodione, thiophanate-methyl, boscalid |
Spongospora subterrania / ʻehu Powdery | ʻO ka liʻiliʻi 10 mau makahiki, ʻaʻohe wahi hānai | Mai hoʻopili i ka lepo lepo pipi | Mai palau i ka wā puna | Ke lohi nei ke kanu ʻana i nā māla i ninini maikaʻi ʻia | Fluzulfamide, fluazinam, mancozeb |
Synchytrium endobioticum / ʻUla maʻi ʻaʻai | Hoʻololi lōʻihi loa (30 makahiki) | Urea | - | Nā māla i ninini maikaʻi ʻia | Carbamide = ʻurea |
ʻO Verticillium dahliae / Wilt, verticillosis | ʻEkolu mau makahiki ka hoʻololi me ka ʻulaʻula, ka mauʻu Sudan, nā sereala. Koe wale i ka mahu, ka pi, nā ʻoka, ka laiki, ka mint, ka mauʻu | Lele ʻia ʻo Ammonium | Ka hoʻoponopono liʻiliʻi | - | ʻO Mancozeb, captan, metam, 1,3-dichloropropene, chloropicrin |
Clavibacter michiganensis ssp.sepedonicus / Popo pala | Me ka ʻakaʻakai | - | - | - | Flusulfamide |
ʻO Pectobacterium, Dickeya / Blackleg | Ke hōʻalo nei i ka monoculture, alternating me ka palaoa, clover ʻulaʻula, bale, a i ʻole multigrass | Mai hoʻonui i ka nitrogen | - | Nā māla i ninini maikaʻi ʻia, Ke hemo nei i nā mea kanu i loaʻa i ka maʻi, pale i ka ʻino o ka ʻili | ʻO Chlorine dioxide, aluminika a me ka paʻakai bisulfite, Treasamycin, streptomycin, soda benzoate, benzoic acid, keleawe oxychloride + metalaxyl a cymoxanil, metiram, clorocin, |
Nā scabies Streptomyces / ʻElepaha maʻamau a upena | Me ka lupine, ka rai hoʻoilo a i ʻole seradella. Koe i nā beets kō, kāloti, nā wahi hānai | ʻO ka potassium, phosphorus, ammonium lingosulfate, compost, manure puaʻa | Loosening hohonu | - | Hoʻoulu i ka oxamil. Loaʻa i loko ʻo Boric acid, streptomycin, daminoside, DL-ethionine |
ʻO Ditylenchus destructor / Stem nematode | - | - | - | - | Oksamil |
Globodera rostochiensis / Cyst nematode | ʻO ka lōʻihi lōʻihi me ka pi, flax, rai, ʻoka a me nā pua ʻōhiʻu | ʻO Phosphorus | - | Kāohi i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka maʻi me ka ʻenehana | ʻO Dimethyl disulfide, 1,3-dichloropropene, aldicarb, foxim, A.S. 92100, 64475, carbofuran |
Meloidogine ssp./ Gall nematode | Mele ʻeleʻele / Koe i nā mea kanu he nui - kāloti, beets, clover ʻulaʻula, cereals, rue kao | - | - | - | ʻO nā fumigants lepo āpau |
I nā ʻāina ʻo EU, aia kahi hana paʻa o ka hana, ʻoi aku ka huhū a me ka hoʻoulu nui ʻana o ka mahiʻai. Ua huki ʻia a huki ʻia paha nā hui o nā mea hana mai ke kahe ʻana e ke kānāwai, pāpā nui ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana. No laila, ʻo ka laulā o nā huahana hoʻomalu mea kanu no ka pale ʻana o ka hua ua lilo i palena loa, e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai ka laʻana o Kelemania (Papa 3). Manaʻo ka poʻe loea inā hoʻomau kēia, ʻo ka hana ʻana i nā mea kanu ikaika, i hoʻopili pū ʻia me ka ʻuala, e pono e hoʻopau ʻia ma ʻEulopa Komohana, ʻoiai e lilo ana i mea paʻakikī loa e kiʻi i nā hua kiʻekiʻe a me ka maikaʻi o ka huahana. I ka manawa like, ʻelua mau ʻaoʻao o ka ʻōnaehana pale i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka EU pono e nānā pono: 1) nā fungicides e pili ana i ka hydroxide keleawe (holomua Funguran, holomua ʻo Kuprozin, aia kekahi mau mea like ma Lūkia, ʻo Koside 2000, no ka laʻana) koi ʻia e hoʻohana ʻia e kaohi i ka bacteriosis; 2) hoʻohana nui ʻia nā hoʻomākaukau microbiological. Kūʻē i nā koʻohune Pectobacterium a me Dickeya, hiki ke hui ʻia nā hoʻomākaukau keleawe ʻae ʻia me nā fungicides ʻē aʻe. ʻO ke keleawe kahi kumumanaʻo a i ka wā e loaʻa ai nā tubers i nā mea kanu i kahi wā mua o ka hoʻomohala. Hāʻawi maikaʻi ʻia nā mea kanu ʻuala me ke keleawe i ka hau. Hāʻawi ka lawe mua ʻana o ke keleawe i ke kūkulu ʻia o ka lignin, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hoʻokumu wikiwiki ʻana o kahi ʻili ikaika.
Pākaukau 3. Ka laulā o nā hua kanu kanu uala kanu, Kelemania, 2020
I ka makahiki 2020, he manawa kūpono nā mea kanu uala Kelemania e hoʻohana i nā hoʻomākaukau he 10 no ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā paipu a i ka lepo i ke kanu ʻana. ʻO ke ʻano biology o kēia mau fungicides a me nā stimulants ulu, ka hoʻāʻo a me ka maʻamau ʻana o microbiota he kumu ʻokoʻa ia mai ka Lūkini. Ua ʻike ʻia nā huahana kalepa me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka genus Bacillus, ʻaʻole Subtilis, akā ʻo Verezentis, Atrophaeus, Amyloliquefaciens. Ma waho aʻe o ka mea hoʻokahi, ua hoʻomaka ʻia e hoʻohana ikaika ʻia ka consortia o nā bacteria bacteria. No laila, loaʻa i ka huahana SOLANOVA® kahi hui kaulike o 5 mau ʻano o nā microorganism: Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Streptomyceten, Mykorriza. Hoʻolālā ʻo SOLANOVA i ka hana - hoʻonui i ka hana microbial lepo, loaʻa nā mea kanu mea kanu, hoʻonui i ka ulu o ke aʻa, lawe i nā koena meaola make i loko o ka lepo, paipai i ka hana ʻana o nā mea kanu a me nā enzyme, hoʻonui i ka hoʻomanawanui stress e like me ka paʻakai, ka wela, ka maloʻo, ke anuanu, a pēlā aku. hopena: ulu i ka lepo a me nā aʻa a hoʻokūkū me nā pathogens no ka exudates aʻa ma ke ʻano he meaʻai mua, hana i kahi pale microbial i ke aʻa aʻa no nā meaolaola ʻē aʻe, hoʻoikaika i ke kūpaʻa o nā mea kanu, ke hoʻokumu ʻana i nā lāʻau ʻalopero na nā mea kanu, hāʻawi i ka ulu paʻa o nā mea kanu ʻōpio.
ʻO ka papa hana piha loa o ka pale ʻana i nā mea kanu uala i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (Papa 4,5). A hiki i kēia manawa, nui nā huahana i hoʻohana ʻia i ke ʻano o ka pauka (lepo) no ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻano hua i ka ʻoki ʻana. ʻO ke ʻano mālie i nā pilikia o ka hopena o ke ahi, maloʻo maloʻo a me ka bacteriosis e hoʻolaha nei i ka wā o ke ʻoki a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka hōʻoki kuʻuna o nā mea nui i United States i wehewehe ʻia e ka maikaʻi maikaʻi o nā huahana paukū kalepa ma muli o ka mancozeb a me ka pencycuron Ma ke ala, a hiki i ka makahiki i hala, 30% o nā ʻuala hua a pau ma ʻEnelani i mālama ʻia me ka pauka pencycuron (Monceren, Bayer). No ke kāwili ʻana o ka wai, a he mea hoʻohui i nā mea i ʻike ʻia ma ka Lūkia Hui Pū ʻIa, ua ʻae ʻia ka sedaxan, ka hydrogen peroxide, a me ka bacteria bacteria Chenopodium quinoa saponins Hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Sedaxan i loko o ka disinfectant ʻehā ʻāpana mua o ka honua e Syngenta, kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo Cruiser Maxx Vibrance Potato Ultra me ka hui pū o d.v. fludioxonil + difenoconazole + sedaxan + thiamethoxam. Ua hoʻolaha ka Russian Federation i ka hoʻomaka o ke kaʻina hana no ka hoʻopili ʻana i kahi lāʻau like i loko o ka papa inoa no kaʻuala; ma nā beets kō, ua ʻae ʻia ʻo Vibrans me kahi ʻano like (Papa 4)
Papa 4. Nā hana no ka ʻuala hua (nā US State Rula 2020)
1 - nā kauā = ka nui o ka huahana i hoʻopau ʻia e noi ʻia, kahi oz fl (auneke) = 28,4 g, cwt (ʻeke) = 45,4 -50,1 kg.
2 - x - ʻae ʻia ka huahana no ka moʻomeheu a me nā maʻi; hakahaka = huahana ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia no kahi maʻi kikoʻī.
3 - Fusarium, Rhizoctonia solani a me Helminthosp hall solani. Hoʻokumu kēia mau fungi i ka pala maloʻo, rhizoctonia a me ka scab silvery.
4 - e pili pū ana me Erwinia, ke kumu o ka pala o ke koʻohune a me Clavibacter, ke kumu o ka pala o ke apo.
ʻO kaʻokoʻa radical a me ka maikaʻi o ka ʻōnaehana ʻAmelika o ka pale ʻana no ke kanu ʻana i kaʻuala kahi ʻano nui o ka hoʻomākaukau no ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka lepo. Hoʻohui ʻia i ka azoxystrobin, mefenoxam, fluxapiroxade a me nā hoʻomākaukauolaola i ʻae ʻia i ka Russian Federation, ʻae ʻia e hoʻohana i nā lāʻau ʻē aʻe mai ka hui strobirulin (pyraclostrobin, fluoxastrobin) a me nā lāʻau maʻamau anti-phytophthora (cyazofamide, fluazinam, flutolanil, phosphatiopipron. ʻO ke kumu o ka mahi ʻana i ka lepo ka kaohi o rhizoctonia, lohi loa, pythium a me antracnose (Papa 5).
Pākaukau 5. Hoʻomākaukau no ka mahi ʻana i ka lepo i ke kanu ʻana i kaʻuala (rula kūhelu US no 2020)
kahi ft ft, 30 knm; lb - lb, 0,4 kg; A - ʻeka, 0,4 ha.
ʻO ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o ka ʻike kūʻokoʻa e ʻae iā ʻoe e koho i nā mea hana kūpono ke hana i ka hua uala. ʻO ka papa inoa o nā pathogens i kāohi ʻia i ka mālama ʻana i nā tubers i kaupalena ʻia i ka rhizoctonia, ka scab maʻamau a me ka silvery, fusarium a me phomosis (kiʻi 1). ʻO ka Furrow a i ʻole ka mahi ʻana o ka lepo ma ka laulā e hiki ai ke hoʻoliʻiliʻi hou i ka hopena infectious o ka rhizoctonia, antracnose, ka hopena o ka hopena, ka wai ʻeha (pitya) a me ka pala poni. Ma luna o kēia, hoʻomākaukau ka microbiological a me ka hoʻomākaukau keleawe i nā maʻi bacteria.
He kikoʻī kikoʻī loa kēlā me kēia mehana hana. ʻO kahi laʻana, maikaʻi ka penflufen a me ka sedaxan i ka scab, akā maikaʻi ʻole i ka fusarium, ʻo ka mancozeb a me difenoconazole, ma kahi ʻē aʻe, hoʻonui nui ka prothioconazole i ka maikaʻi o ka kaohi ʻana o ka scab kala e pencycuron, etc. Inā koi ʻia ʻo Sercadis e hoʻohana ʻokoʻa i ko mākou ʻāina, a laila ma USA, ke hana ʻana i nā ʻalo, huikau ʻia ka fluxapiroxade me ka pyraclostrobin (lāʻau Priaxor). A ʻaʻole kēia no ka mea ʻole e hana ai, akā no ka pono o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pae o ka hana, ʻaʻole lawa hoʻokahi dv. Nui nā palena i ka manawa o ka hoʻohana. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mālama ʻana i ka uala moe ʻole, a me ka fludioxonil. Paipai ʻia ʻo Imazalil e hoʻohana wale ʻia no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ke kakahiaka, akā i ka manawa like ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea e kāohi i ka oosporosis. Aia nā ʻokoʻa i ka loiloi o nā lāʻau kikoʻī i nā ʻāina like ʻole. No laila, i ʻEulopa, manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia e hoʻopili ʻia ka azoxystrobin a me nā strobirulins ʻē aʻe i ka lepo wale nō, ʻaʻole pono e kau i nā tubers. I ka USA, ʻaʻohe mea i kaupalena ʻia, hoʻohana ʻia ka mea no nā kūpuna a me nā ʻūhā. Kaulana ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole e haʻalele ʻo ʻEulopa Hema, USA a me Kanada i ka lepo i ka wā e hiki mai ana, ʻo ia hoʻi. he lepo maʻalahi o nā kōkō me ka ʻole o nā kumukūʻai ʻenehana.
No nā mea kanu uala Lūkini, ʻo ka hana o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka lepo ma nā tubers i ka bunker mea kanu mea poina lōʻihi a i kēia mau lā ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻae ʻia. He paʻakikī hoʻi e noʻonoʻo i nā ʻāina kūkulu i kēlā ʻano hana o ka hana ʻana e hana mau ʻia nei, a aia kēia ma lalo o nā slogan e pili ana i ka kālaimeaola. ʻElua mau koho no ka waiū, wai ʻana i ka wai: ma mua ma ka haukapila a ke kanu ʻana i ke kula. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pickling i kahi manawa - he ʻano mālie, ʻoi aku ka pololei o ka hopena hana, a me ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka kanu ʻana i kaʻuala. Akā pono ʻoe e makaʻala i ke ʻano kaulike kiʻekiʻe ma kahi haukapila ʻoi aku ka nui o ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui o ka wai e pīpī nei me kahi kahe o ka wai e hana ana ma mua o 3 l / t. Hiki i kēia ke hoʻohana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe disc (e ʻike i ke kiʻi 2,3) ma nā wahi e kaʻapuni ai - nā wili hopper, nā papa nānā a i ʻole nā pono ʻo Mafex kūikawā. ʻO ke kahe kahe o ka wai hana 10-20 l / t i ʻae ʻia e nā kūlana o ka Lūkia Hui Pū ʻIa ma ka haukapila e ʻike ʻia he hewa a ʻae ʻole ʻia hoʻi. I ke kūlana phytopathological o kēia au, ʻo ka hoʻomākū ʻana i ka tubers kahi hoʻonāukiuki kipi o ka ulu ʻana o nā maʻi bacteria. Ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i kahi haukapila, ʻoiai ma ka pō o ke kanu ʻana, pono e hoʻomaloʻo ʻia kaʻuala. Inā ke hana nei ke ʻano o ke kanu ʻana, hoʻoili ʻia nā ʻuala pickled a lawe ʻia i ke kula, akā ua hoʻomaka ka ua a kū ka kanu ʻana ma kahi o hoʻokahi lā - ninini koke a hoʻomaloʻo i nā hua. Inā ʻole, ʻaʻole hiki ke pale ʻia nā pilikia me ka germination a me ka pala ʻana o nā tubers.
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka lawelawe ʻana i ke kanu ʻana. ʻAʻohe pono e hoʻomehana, hoʻomaloʻo i nā tubers, ʻaʻohe pilikia o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huahana pale mea kanu i ka mālama ʻana a me nā pilikia o ka hoʻopaneʻe ʻana i ke kanu ʻana ma hope o ka hana ʻana, ʻaʻole wale nā tubers e hana ʻia, akā ʻo ka lepo hoʻi. Akā ke lohi o ke kanu ʻana, piʻi ka helu o nā pono hana, nui nā pilikia me ka mālama ʻana i ka kahe mau a me ka kaohi ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka hana. Hāʻawi ʻia nā mea kanu ʻuala āpau i nā lako hana pahu no ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā huahana pale mea kanu. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi e hoʻohana i nā nozzles cone hollow kūikawā, kahi mea liʻiliʻi i ka clogging ʻana me nā hopena hoʻomaha paʻa (e ʻike i nā kiʻi 4,5,6).
Hāʻawi ka ʻo Syngenta i nā mea kūʻai aku i kāna mea lawelawe me nā nozzles keleawe (kiʻi 4), i hoʻolālā ʻia no ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā concentrates hoʻomaha, ʻokoʻa e 40% ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā nozzles maʻamau me ka lama hollow, ma muli o kā lākou hoʻolālā maʻalahi ʻaʻole lākou e clog, ʻaʻole lākou e koi i nā kānana. Hana a hoʻonohonoho ʻia i pālua. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā sprayers ʻelua ma ke kihi o 45 ° a i luna o ka papamoe, kuhikuhi ʻia i kekahi i kekahi: ʻo kahi sprayer me ka huina o 20 ° (lōʻihi) no ka mālama ʻana i kahi tuber hāʻule e hoʻonoho ʻia i ke kino mua i ke kuhikuhi o ka neʻe ʻana o ka mea kanu; Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka nozzles 70 (pōkole) no ka mālama ʻana i ka lalo o ka furrow, kahi hapa o ka tuber, a me ka lepo e uhi ana i ka ʻaihue, hoʻouka ʻia i ka lua o ke kino.
ʻO ke kau pololei ʻana o nā sprayers ma nā mea kanu mea kanu i hōʻike ʻia i ke kiʻi 7,8. ʻO ka hana ʻana i nā tubers wale nō (kiʻi 7) ke nalowale nei kona pilina, ʻoiai me kahi hoʻonohonoho o nā nozzles, hiki i ka wāwahi o ka hopena hana. ʻO ka hoʻohana like ʻana o nā lāʻau i nā tubers a me ka lepo e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. I kēia hihia, hiki i ka nozzles kihi o mua (1) ke pīpī i ka 1/3 o ke kinowai i lalo i lalo i ka furrow hāmama wale ma hope o ka furrow. Hāʻule ka paila ʻuala i loko o ka ʻaʻa i mālama ʻia me ka wai. Hiki i ka lua, ka noke kihi (2) ke hoʻopili iā 2/3 o ka wai i pīpī ʻia i loko o ka lepo e neʻe nei a uhi ka ʻupena disko i nā tubers Paipai ʻia hoʻi e hoʻohana i ka mana hybrid, no laila kuhikuhi ʻia kahi ʻāpana o ka hopena hana i nā tubers.
ʻO ka hopena hana o ka hoʻomākaukau no ka pale ʻana a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā tubers i ka wā kanu e komo paha i ʻelima mau mea: fungicide, insecticide, hoʻomākaukau microbiological, microfertilizer a i ʻole stimulant ulu, adjuvant. ʻO ke koho ʻana o nā microfertilizers me ka lakio ʻoi loa o nā meaola, nā amino acid, nā adjuvants no ke aʻa maikaʻi a me ka ulu mua ʻana. Hoʻonui loa ʻia nā huahana ʻoihana hou a hāʻawi maikaʻi ʻia, kāwili i kahi wai wai me ka ʻole o ka ua. Me kēlā me kēia hui pū ʻana o nā lāʻau, pono e hōʻoia i kēia e ke ʻano o kahi leo liʻiliʻi. Hoʻokaʻawale, pono e hoʻopili wale i nā insecticides granular a me nā nematicides, kahi e hoʻouka ai nā mea hoʻohana kūikawā ma ka mea kanu (kiʻi 9,10). Me ke kōkua o ka mea hoʻopili, ʻo ka anti-nematode biological hoʻomākaukau Nematofagin-Mikopro i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā fungi predatory ua hoʻolauna pū ʻia, ʻoiai, e like me ka ʻike a ka mea hana, ʻaʻole ia e kūlike me nā fungicides.
ʻO ke kumukūʻai o ke kāhiko ʻana a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā mea kanu uala me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau maikaʻi loa i pālua ʻia i loko o nā makahiki he ʻelima i hala a hiki i 8-10 tausani rubles / ha. ʻO kēia ka ʻaoʻao ʻekolu o ka ʻōnaehana pale holoʻokoʻa, ʻae, koʻikoʻi, akā like i ke kumukūʻai o hoʻokahi tona o kaʻuala. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka loaʻa kālā mai ka hana ʻana he mau manawa ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā kumukūʻai, ʻaʻole no ka hoʻonui ʻia o nā hua, akā no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka huahana. I ka manawa like, pono e hoʻokō ʻia me ka mākaukau ka hana ʻana i nā mea kanu. Pono e hemo mua nā ʻōpala popopo a ʻeha hoʻi me ka makaʻala loa, i ʻole e alakaʻi ka hana ʻana i kahi ulu nui o ka ulu ʻana o ka pala, keu hoʻi i ke kanu ʻana i ka lepo i hoʻopulu ʻia a i ʻole lawa ʻole ka wela o ka lepo, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi o ka ulu ʻana o kaʻuala. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka helu o ka ʻai, ʻaʻole pono e ʻae ʻia ka overdosing o nā huahana pale mea kanu, he lāʻau ikaika kēia, e lohi ana nā mea kanu i ka ulu ʻana no ka manawa lōʻihi. ʻAʻole hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā fungicides ke kanu ke hoʻopau i ka maʻi kūloko i loko o nā tubers, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻAʻole hiki i ka ʻaʻahu ke pani i nā ʻanoʻano kiʻekiʻe.
I ka hopena, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo ka mālama ʻana me nā ʻano o ka pale ʻana a me nā mea hoʻonāukiuki o nā ʻanoʻano he kūlana mandatory a maikaʻi hoʻi o ka ʻōnaehana pale i ka ulu ʻuala nunui. I nā makahiki i hala aku nei, ua nui ka holomua ma kēia wahi a ke wehe nei nā manawa kūpono hou. ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa a me ka ʻimi ʻana o ka ʻike haole e ʻae iā mākou e hoʻokalakala i nā ʻano nui i ka pale ʻana i nā mea kanu uala. ʻO kēia ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka helu o nā pathogens kāohi ʻia, ka hoʻololi ʻana mai hoʻokahi a ʻelua-ʻāpana lāʻau i nā lāʻau ʻekolu-ʻehā-ʻāpana, ka hoʻololi ʻana mai nā tubers i ka mahi ʻana i ka lepo a me ka hana ʻana i nā mea hana hou o ka pale kemika a me nā meaola. I ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka loli i ke kūlana phytopathological, pono e nānā hou aku i ka scab silvery, pithium, antracnose, nā maʻi lepo a me nā bacteriosis. Loaʻa ka laulā o nā fungicides i ka Russian Federation i kēia manawa a me nā ʻano ʻokoʻa. ʻAʻole wikiwiki ka mea hana nui o nā huahana pale mea kanu o ka honua e hāʻawi i nā hui hou o d.v. no Rūsia, akā ʻo nā ʻoihana Lūkini (ʻAukake, Shchelkovo-Agrokhim, Agro Expert Group) me nā huahana multicomponent Idikum, Deposit a me King Combi ke nānā aku nei pili pono a hoʻokūkū hoʻi. Ma nā mea e pili ana i ka mahi ʻana o ka lepo me nā fungicides ma ʻEulopa, e pili pū ana me ka Russian Federation, aia kahi hakahaka ma hope o ka pae o nā ʻāina ʻē, akā nui nā mea e aʻo ai a aia kekahi mea e lilo ai i laʻana, kahi mālama nui no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pono o ka pale ke hiki ke kanu ʻana ma aneʻi. I ka ʻōlelo o ka pono o nā hoʻomākaukau microbiological, ke alakaʻi, ʻo ia nō, no nā ʻoihana ʻEulopa. ʻO ka papa inoa o nā biofungicides ma ka Lūkia Hui Pū ʻIa he nui loa, akā ʻikiʻī i ka hoʻohui biology, pono e hōʻoia i ka maikaʻi e pili ana i nā maʻi i ka hana. ʻO nā ʻano hana i hāpai ʻia no ka kaohi ʻana i nā maʻi bacteria me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā fungicides i loaʻa i ke keleawe a me nā bactericides biology he waiwai nui a pilina hoʻi.