ʻO ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka hoʻopukapuka ʻana i ka ʻoihana mahiʻai, kekahi o nā mea i ʻike ʻole ʻia, ma muli o nā kumu he nui. Akā hiki ke mālama ʻia kekahi mau pilikia; no ka laʻana, hiki i kēlā me kēia mahiʻai ke pale i nā mea kanu mai ka mauʻu.
ʻO kahi hoʻolālā hoʻolālā weed i hoʻomohala ʻia e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka mea hana i kahi hōʻiliʻili maikaʻi a pale iā ia mai nā poho hou aʻe. ʻO ka mea nui, ʻo ka hana koke a me ka mākaukau.
E inoa iā lākou – legiona
Hoʻoulu ʻia ka ʻuala ma ke ʻano ākea ākea, no laila, mai ka manawa i puka mai ai a hiki i ka pau ʻana o nā lālani, he haʻahaʻa ko lākou hoʻokūkū me nā nāhelehele. Me ka lawe ʻole ʻana i nā hana koʻikoʻi e kāohi ai i ka mauʻu, ʻaneʻane hiki ʻole ke loaʻa ka ʻohi ʻana o nā ʻuala kūʻai i ko mākou manawa.
Wahi a ke poʻo o ke keʻena mālama mea kanu o ka lālā o ka Federal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr" ma ka ʻāina ʻo Astrakhan Lyudmila Kostyagina, ʻokoʻa ka ʻano ʻano o nā mauʻu ma nā kanu ʻuala a hōʻike ʻia e kekahi mau hui. ʻO nā'ōpiopio'ōpiopio, no ka laʻana, nā puna mua: weed sunflower, white pigweed. Ma waena o nā mea kanu hope loa, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka mauʻu bristle glaucous a me ka mauʻu barnyard maʻamau. Hōʻike ʻia nā nāhelehele perennial e nā wana aʻa - field bindweed, Tartary lettuce, field thistle, a me ka rhizomatous - common reed.
Ka Moho o ka ʻEpekema Mahiʻai, Hope Poʻo o ka lālā o ka Federal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr" ma ka Bryansk Region Nikolay Rozhnov Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia ʻaneʻane loaʻa nā nāhelehele a pau ma waena o Rūsia ma ia wahi. ʻO nā ʻano mea maʻamau ma ʻaneʻi, ʻo ia nō: kākala, moa, pickleweed maʻamau, a me ka moa moa. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā nāhelehele i loko o ke kula he ʻano mau; hāʻawi ʻia nā hoʻololi liʻiliʻi e nā mea kanu mua i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea kanu.
Ua hoʻomohala lōʻihi nā mea kanu ʻuala Lūkia i nā ʻenehana no ka luku ʻana i nā nāhelehele, ʻo ka hopena o ka hiki ke 98-100%. Akā i kēia mau lā, ke pilikia nei ka poʻe mahiʻai i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka pō ʻeleʻele. ʻO kēia mea kanu, e like me ka ʻuala, no ka ʻohana nightshade. Ma muli o ko lākou ʻohana pili, ua like ko lākou kūʻē ʻana i ka hapa nui o nā herbicides. Ma muli o kēia, paʻakikī loa ka hoʻopili pono ʻana i ka nahele me ka ʻole e hōʻeha i ka hua ponoʻī.
Eia kekahi, ʻike ʻia nā mea kanu nightshade ma mua o nā mauhele ʻē aʻe, i ka wā i hoʻohana ʻia ai nā ʻano agrotechnical a me nā kemika. Loaʻa iā ia kahi ʻōnaehana kumu i hoʻomohala ʻia, hiki ke piʻi i ka 1-1,5 mika ke kiʻekiʻe a hoʻokūkū me nā ʻuala no nā meaʻai a me ka lā.
Aloha ʻole «nā hoalauna"
Wahi a ka hope poʻo o ka lālā o ka Federal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr" ma ka Territory Krasnoyarsk Elena Vasilyeva, ʻo ka hopena o ka nahele i nā mea kanu he mea weliweli ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia. Lawe nā mea kanu i makemake ʻole ʻia i ka makū a me nā meaʻai mai ka lepo, no laila e loaʻa ʻole i ka ʻuala nā meaʻai kūpono no ka ulu ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana. Me ka nui o ka weed infestation, hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia nā mea kanu i kanu ʻia i ka pae o ka seedling, e hoʻopilikia i ka photosynthesis a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kā lākou ʻōmaʻomaʻo. ʻO kēia mau mea a pau e alakaʻi i ka nui o nā mea kanu.
Lyudmila Kostyagina Hoʻomaopopo ka mauʻu i ka ʻuala e hōʻemi i kāna hua, hiki i nā poho ke hiki i 20-25%. Aia kekahi hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ka nui o nā ʻuala. ʻO ka hopena, hāʻule ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mākeke, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ke kaʻina hana o ka ʻohi mechanized, a piʻi ka pohō kālā o nā mahiʻai.
He mea koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi ka mālama ʻana i ka weed ma muli o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i waena o lākou aia nā pūʻali o nā pathogens o kekahi mau maʻi. Moho o ka Biological Sciences, ke poʻo o ke Keʻena ʻO ka ʻuala a me nā maʻi huaʻai o ka All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology. Maria Kuznetsova ʻōlelo ʻo nā mauhele he mau waihona ia o nā maʻi fungal, oomycete, bacterial and viral etiology. ʻO ka mana o nā mea kanu i nā māla, i hoʻopili ʻia e nā pathogens like me ka ʻuala, kōkua i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka maʻi i ka lepo.
No ka laʻana, pili ka pō ʻeleʻele e nā pathogens anthracnose, alternaria, late blight a me ka ʻuala ʻuala. ʻO ka ʻeke a ke kahu hipa a me ka ʻulaʻula māla i mālama ʻia no ka maʻi rattle paka, ka mea e ʻene ai nā ʻuala. A ʻo field bindweed he phytoplasma, i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano o kahi hua ʻulaʻula.
Maria Kuznetsova e huki i ka manaʻo i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e hiki i nā nāhelehele ke hoʻololi i ka microclimate i nā mea kanu mea kanu, ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi ma muli o ka mānoanoa. ʻO ka hopena, ua hana ʻia nā kūlana maikaʻi no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka late blight.
ʻO nā "hoa noho" weliweli o nā mea kanu i hoʻoulu ʻia e hana pū me nā waihona o nā pests e lawe ana i nā maʻi a me nā maʻi. ʻO ka mea mua - aphids, leafhoppers. ʻO ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka nightshade ʻeleʻele, chamomile odorless, upturned acorn, dandelion a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka quinoa e kōkua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka nematode stem, kahi e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ai i ka maikaʻi o nā ʻuala.
Nā hewa i ka pale
ʻO kekahi o nā ala maikaʻi loa o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka mauʻu ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticides kemika. Elena Vasilyeva e hoʻomaopopo i ka koho kūpono o ka mea hana o ka lāʻau lapaʻau, me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kūlana a me nā kūlana o ka hoʻohana ʻana, hiki ke hōʻemi i ka helu a me ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka mauʻu i ka ʻuala.
Wahi a Bayer Crop Science CIS Market Development Project Manager Konstantin Onatsky, nā herbicides nui i hōʻike ʻia ma ka mākeke Lūkini i kēia lā ua ʻike nui ʻia ma mua o 30-40 mau makahiki. Ke hoʻohana pono nei kēia mau lāʻau lapaʻau.
ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻole hiki i nā mea a pau ke hana pololei: ʻaʻole kēlā me kēia mahiʻai Lūkini he agronomist koʻikoʻi, a ʻaʻole nā mea mahiʻai a pau i ka hoʻonaʻauao kūpono.
Wahi a ka nānā ʻana o ke poʻo o ka ʻoihana mālama mea kanu o ka lālā o ka Federal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr" ma ka Territory Krasnoyarsk Maria Grishaeva, ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau me ka ʻole e noʻonoʻo i ke ʻano o ka ʻano o ka mauʻu a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana o nā mea ikaika e pili ana i nā kumukūʻai waiwai "ʻole", a me nā mea nui loa.
He aha nā hewa ʻē aʻe i hana ʻia e ka poʻe mahiʻai i ka wā e hoʻāʻo ai e hoʻomalu i ka nahele iā lākou iho? Hoʻomaopopo nā loea mai ka Federal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr" i kekahi o nā hewa maʻamau. ʻAʻole hoʻokō pinepine nā mea hana mahiʻai i ka manawa o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā herbicides a hōʻole i ka helu ʻai i ʻōlelo ʻia no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana a me nā wai hana. Aia kekahi poʻe e hoʻohana nei i nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻole a me nā hui tank incompatible. ʻAʻole noʻonoʻo ka nui o ka poʻe i ke kūlana o kēia manawa o nā mea kanu a mālama i nā lāʻau lapaʻau i nā mea kanu nāwaliwali, no ka laʻana, nā mea i hōʻino ʻia e ka hau.
Konstantin Onatsky e pili ana i nā hemahema maʻamau e like me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai hana i ka wā o ka mālama ʻana. Wahi a ka loea, i ka wā e hoʻohana ai i kekahi herbicide lepo no ka mālama mua ʻana, pono ʻoe e hoʻohana ma kahi o 300 lita o ka wai hoʻonā hana i kēlā me kēia ʻeka. Pono kēia i mea e paʻa ai ka lāʻau lapaʻau i ka lepo e like me ka hiki, e ulu wikiwiki ka mauʻu a make koke. Ma nā wahi wela kahi e hiki ai ke maloʻo, ma hope o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka herbicide, pono ka wai e hoʻomaikaʻi i kona hopena.
Ua hoʻomaopopo nā Lunamaka'āinana o ka Federal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr" i kēia lā ma nā wahi āpau o Rūsia ka hana o ka mālama ʻana i ka nānā ʻana, helu ʻana i ka helu a me ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke ʻano o nā ʻano nahele. Hiki i nā mahiʻai ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa iā lākou iho me nā hōʻike nānā ʻana i nā mea kanu i loaʻa kahi papa inoa o nā mauhele maʻamau. Inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka paepae o nā infestation pōʻino, hāʻawi ka poʻe loea i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo i nā mea hana mahiʻai e pili ana i ka mālama ʻana i ka wahi me nā herbicides. ʻO ka mea nui loa ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻike e pili ana i nā pesticides a me nā agrochemical i ʻae ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma Rūsia. A ʻae kēia iā mākou e pale i nā hopena hiki ʻole i ka mea hana ponoʻī a no nā mea kūʻai aku i kāna huahana.
"Ke kūlana gula"
I nā ʻano nui i ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā mauʻu Konstantin Onatsky e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau lepo kumu e pili ana i ka metribuzin a i ʻole aclonifen. ʻO ke koho e pili ana inā kūʻē nā ʻano ʻuala i ka metribuzin/prometrin.
Hoʻomaopopo ka poʻe loea aia pū kekahi, a i ʻole pālua, ka regimen noi, ke lawelawe ʻia kahi ʻāpana o ka lāʻau lapaʻau e pili ana i ka metribuzin ma mua o ka germination ma kahi ʻano o 0,6 a 0,9 lita. Hana ʻia ka mālama ʻana ma hope o nā hua ʻuala 5-10 kenimika ke kiʻekiʻe ma kahi ʻano o 0,3-0,5 l/ha. ʻAe kēia iā ʻoe e hoʻomalu i ka dicotyledonous a me ka cereal weeds makahiki, koe naʻe ka moena moe a me ka pō ʻeleʻele.
Ma nā ʻano like ʻole i kū ʻole i ka metribuzin/prometrin, ʻo ka hoʻomākaukau mua ʻana i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka aclonifen e hiki ai ke wehe i ka hapa nui o nā lau nahele dicotyledonous, koe wale ka nightshade ʻeleʻele. Manaʻo ka loea e hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia me ka nightshade me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka clomazone microencapsulated, hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia i ka aclonifen a me ka metribuzin ma ke ʻano he lāʻau lapaʻau hoa. Kōkua ka microencapsulated clomazone i ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka pō ʻeleʻele a me ka bedstraw. Hāʻawi ka mea i ka pale no ka wā lōʻihi mai ka ulu ʻana o ka mauʻu, ʻoiai ke kāohi ʻia nei nā mauʻu perennial, e like me ke kākala a me ka bindweed. Manaʻo nui: pono e hoʻohana wale ʻia nā hui pahu ma mua o ka puka ʻana o ka ʻuala.
I nā kūlana i hana ʻole ʻia ai ka mālama mua ʻana i ka ʻuala, hiki ke hoʻohana i ka aclonifen ma ke ʻano he 1-1,5 lita ma ke ʻano maʻemaʻe e hoʻomalu i nā mauʻu dicotyledonous e like me ka puaʻa keʻokeʻo, ka mauʻu acorn upturned, knotweed a me bedstraw. I kēia hihia, ʻaʻole pono ke kiʻekiʻe o nā mea kanu i ʻoi aku ma mua o 5-10 kenimika. Konstantin Onatsky ʻAʻole pono e hui pū ʻia ka aclonifen me ka graminicides a me nā adjuvants.
I nā hihia o ka infestation koʻikoʻi me nā nāhelehele perennial e like me ka thistle, rose thistle a me ka bindweed, ʻōlelo ka loea e hoʻohana i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka MCPA (10 g/l ma ke ʻano o 15-500 l/ha) ma 0,6-0,8 cm mau hua ʻuala. ʻAʻole pono mākou e poina ʻo ia ka mālama ʻana he koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi no ka mea kanu, a pono e hoʻemi ʻia kona hopena me nā huahana anti-stress e pili ana i nā waikawa amino.
Inā kanu ʻia ka ʻuala i loko o kahi māla nui me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mīkini paʻakikī e hana koke i kahi kua, i ka wā o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua ʻana e pono e hoʻohui i nā hoʻomākaukau e pili ana i ka glyphosate a i ʻole MCPA i nā herbicides e pili ana i ka clomazone, metribuzin a i ʻole aclonifen. Ke hoʻokumu ʻia ka puʻu ma hope o kekahi manawa, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoneʻe mechanical i nā ʻōpuʻu weed. ʻO ka hopena, ʻike mua ʻia ka mauʻu.
Konstantin Onatsky Hoʻomanaʻo pū kekahi i ka hana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau e pili ana i ka prosulfocarb me ka metribuzin a i ʻole aclonifen. ʻAe ʻo Prosulfocarb iā ʻoe e hoʻomalu i ka nui o ka bedstraw a me ka nightshade, a me kekahi mau mauʻu.
Nikolay Rozhnov Ua kapa ʻo ia i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau metribuzin i ka mālama ʻana i ka weed he "gold standard". Akā ke huki nei ʻo ia i ka manaʻo i kahi drawback koʻikoʻi o kēia mea ikaika - ka decomposition lohi i ka lepo, kahi i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka inhibition o nā mea kanu i lūlū ʻia i ka wā e hiki mai ana. Hiki ke pale ʻia kēia ma ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā mea paʻa i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā hua, kūpono a hiki i 24 mau mahina. Wahi a ka loea, ma ka ʻāina ʻo Bryansk e hoʻopau ʻia ka pilikia me ke kōkua o nā lāʻau lapaʻau hou loa e pili ana i ka prosulfocarb, ʻaʻohe ona mau hiʻohiʻona.
I nā hana agrotechnical
Ua lokahi ka poʻe akamai i ka manaʻo ʻaʻole hiki ke kaupalena ʻia ka mālama ʻana i ka weed i nā ʻano kemika wale nō.
He mea koʻikoʻi nā lehu ʻano maikaʻi. Nikolay Rozhnov Hoʻomaopopo i ka neʻe ʻana o ka lepo i ka wā o kēia kaʻina hana, hiki ke loaʻa nā hopena maikaʻi loa i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā mea kanu a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana me ka harrow ma nā one a me nā one one. Ma nā lepo kaumaha, ʻaʻole lawa ka maikaʻi o ka mana mechanical.
Wahi a Lyudmila Kostyagina, Hoʻoemi ʻia ka hōʻemi ʻana o nā nāhelehele ma ke kula e ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea kanu, a me ka kanu ʻana i nā mea kanu i ka manawa i hui pū ʻia me ka mālama kemika. Hoʻokomo pū ʻo ia i ke kanu ʻana i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma ke ʻano he ala maikaʻi e hoʻomalu ai i ka mauʻu.
Irina Berg